Tumour cell lines and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a cell line selected from the group consisting of (a) a cell line denominated NM-F9 having the DSMZ accession number DSM ACC2606; (b) a cell line denominated NM-D4 having the DSMZ accession number DSM ACC2605; and subclones of (a) or (b). Additionally, the present invention provides a lysate of the cell lines or a molecule or mixture of molecules obtained from these cell lines as well as dendritic cells loaded with said lysate, co-cultivated or fused with cells from the cell lines, or a molecule or mixture of molecules obtained from these cell lines of the present invention. Moreover compositions, preferably pharmaceutical or vaccine compositions are provided which comprise the cell lines, lysate, molecules, mixture of molecules or dendritic cells of the present invention. In another aspect the present invention relates to methods for producing the aforementioned compositions. Furthermore, methods and uses for vaccination against or treatment or prevention of cancers and/or tumourous diseases are provided.

The present invention relates to a cell line selected from the groupconsisting of (a) a cell line denominated NM-F9 having the DSMZaccession number DSM ACC2606; (b) a cell line denominated NM-D4 havingthe DSMZ accession number DSM ACC2605; and subclones of (a) or (b).Additionally, the present invention provides a lysate of the cell linesor a molecule or mixture of molecules obtained from these cell lines aswell as dendritic cells loaded with said lysate, co-cultivated or fusedwith cells from the cell lines, or a molecule or mixture of moleculesobtained from these cell lines of the present invention. Moreovercompositions, preferably pharmaceutical or vaccine compositions areprovided which comprise the cell lines, lysate, molecules, mixture ofmolecules or dendritic cells of the present invention. In another aspectthe present invention relates to methods for producing theaforementioned compositions. Furthermore, methods and uses forvaccination against or treatment or prevention of cancers and/ortumourous diseases are provided.

Several documents are cited throughout the text of this specification.Each of the documents cited herein (including all patents, patentapplications, scientific publications, manufacturer's specifications,instructions, etc.), whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety. Nothing herein is to be construed as anadmission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosureby virtue of prior invention.

The concept of host immunity against tumour was developed by Ehrlich(Ehrlich P. Uber den jetzigen Stand der Karzinom-forschung. In:Himmelweit F., ed. The collected papers of Paul Ehrlich—Vol. IIImmunology and cancer research. London: Pergamon Press, 1957:559) abouta century ago and was later reinforced in the early 1900s by severallaboratories that studied transplantable tumour cell lines in mice. In1910, Contamin (Cantamin M A. Immunization contre le cancer de la sourisinoculec avec des tumours modifes par les rayons. Academie Des Sciences1910; 150:128) demonstrated the development of protective immunityagainst, transplantable tumour cells in mice immunized with the sameirradiated tumour cells. In 1935 Besredtka and Gross (Besredka A, GrossL. Durole dela peau dans la sarcomatose de la souris. Ann Inst Pasteur1935; 55:402-416) showed that some animals inoculated with tumour cellhomogenate experienced tumour regression, as well as protection totumour reinoculation challenges. Since these early times anti-tumourvaccination saw encouraging results as well as disappointing drawbacks.Recently, the theory of immunosurveillance against cancer cells faced arevival. The heterogeneity in the expression of tumour associatedantigens (TAA) has been documented throughout the various tumours(Natalie P G, Giacomini P, Bigotti A, et al. Heterogeneity in theexpression of HLA and tumour-associated antigens by surgically removedand cultured breast carcinoma cell. Cancer Res 1983; 43:660-666;Houghton A N, Davis L J, Phenotypic heterogeneity of melanoma. In:Bagnara J T, ed. Advances in pigment cell research, New York: Alan R.Liss Inc. 1988:333-342) and clearly plays a role in the escape of tumourcells from immunosurveillance (Jager E., Ringhoffer M, Altmannsberger M,et al. Immunoselection in vivo:independent loss of MHC class I andmelanocyte differentiation antigen expression in metastatic melanoma.Int J Cancer 1997; 71:142-147). Therefore, the development of tumourcell lysate vaccines (TCLV's) and whole cell vaccines (WCVs) wereapproached in order to generate polyvalent vaccines. Nowadays two ormore cell lines of the same histiotype are used for the development ofcancer vaccines in order to offset any potentially lost antigens. Theseare used to tackle tumours of the same tissue type or of differenttissue type. Autologous or allogeneic tumour cells are the majorcomponents of TCLVs or WCVs.

The major drawback of these approaches is that a mixture of various celllines has to be used which makes the generation of these vaccineslaborious and expensive. A further disadvantage is that carcinoma cellsare, in a biotechnological sense, not suitable because of their growthand proliferation characteristics and requirements. In particular, thegrowth and proliferation requirements for such carcinoma cells areusually very specific and need to be carefully established andmaintained which leads to a laborious and cost intensive productionprocess. Another problem with carcinoma cells used for the production ofTCLVs and WCVs is that they often have an endogenous virus load, i.e.such cells may harbour viruses (e.g. retroviruses) which poses problemsin the production of autologous or allogeneic vaccines and, moreimportantly when using virus containing cells (or lysates thereof) forvaccination purposes. Additionally, carcinoma cells used so far for theproduction of TCLV or WCV grow with a comparingly very slow doublingrate and/or grow as adherent culture which does not allow growth in highcell densities as well as easy harvesting. A large amount of the samebatch of cells is, however, desired to produce, in order to make surethat the obtained TCLVs and WCVs have a continuous and high qualitystandard.

Beside the technical problems with cells used so far for the productionof TCLVs and WCVs, there are also major drawbacks with theimmunogenicity of said cells. This is because said cells often harbouronly very specific antigens of specific tumours. Thus, the generation ofa pan-carcinomic multivalent TCLVs or WCVs which are suitable forvarious carcinomas with several shared tumour antigens is anunpredictable and difficult task. Additionally, it is also known thatmost of the highly specific tumour antigens which are expressed on thesurface of tumour cells and against which it is highly desirable toobtain an immune response during immunization are carbohydrate antigens.Due to the complex nature of the glycosylation machinery, especially inmammalian cells where more than 200 enzymes are involved in theglycosylation of membrane molecules, the generation of cell lines whichstably express high amounts of desired carbohydrate tumour antigens isvery difficult and can not be predicted because of the complex interplayof this large amount of different factors which is largely unknown andit can be expected that they have in addition feed-back loops andcomplex substrate requirements depending on the complex interplay. Thisholds especially true when several carbohydrate tumour antigens want tobe combined on a single cell as it is the case for a pan-carcinomicpolyvalent WCV or TCLV vaccine. In contrast, modification of a cell withprotein antigens is a straight forward technology known to those skilledin the art. The outstanding membrane tumour antigen in specificity isthe so-called Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF), a carbohydratedisaccharidic structure which virtually only occurs on tumour cells andnearly all carcinoma types (Goletz S., Cao Y, Danielczyk A., Ravn P.,Schöber U., and Karsten U. Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: the “hidden”tumour antigen. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2003; 535:147-62) 2003). Thereby itis the membrane bound tumour antigen with the highest or at leastamongst those with the highest tumour specificity. Another carbohydratetumour antigen with very high tumour specificity is Tn, a TF relatedantigen. Another pan-carcinomic tumour epitope is a special novelepitope of MUC1 (polymorphic epithelial mucin), which we will callTA-MUC1 herein, and which is a conformational epitope in whichparticular glycosylations at the PDTRP region induce a conformationwhich is tumour specific as for example described in PCT/EP03/08014. Inaddition MUC1 in itself is a well known pan-carcinomic tumour markerwith peptide epitopes. The expression of said carbohydrate orcarbohydrate related antigens, however, is often not stable when tumourcells of patients are cultured. In addition higher amounts of theantigens are preferred in order to increase the immune responses whichrenders the generation even more problematic. In conclusion there areproblems or drawbacks associated with the cells used for the productionof TCLVs or WCVs.

Thus, there is a need in the art for multivalent tumour cell vaccineswhich can be easily produced in large amounts and in a highlyreproducible manner and which also stably express the highly specifictumour antigens shared by many carcinomas (pan-carcinomic antigens).

The solution to this technical problem underlying the present inventionis achieved by providing the embodiments characterized in the claims.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a cell line whichexpresses TF on the cell surface and that expresses MUC1, preferablyTA-MUC1 on the cell surface and that express glycophorin, preferably asasialoglycophorin on the cell surface. Preferably, the present inventionrelates to a cell line selected from the group consisting of (a) a cellline denominated NM-F9 having the DSMZ accession number DSM ACC2606; (b)a cell line denominated NM-D4 having the DSMZ accession number DSMACC2605; and (c) subclones of (a) or (b).

Said cell line which expresses TF on the cell surface and that expressesMUC1, preferably TA-MUC1 on the cell surface and that expressglycophorin, preferably as asialoglycophorin on the cell surface, can begenerated from any cell line which expresses endogenously orrecombinantly MUC1 and glycophorin, preferably K562 cells. In detail theprocedure is described for K562 cells in the examples 2 and 3. Briefly,the cells are analysed for TF expression by any method available toskilled persons, preferably by flow cytometry (described in example 2A4)or immunocytochemistry (described in example 3A-1). TF-positive cellsare selected by using the monoclonal antibodies A78-G/A7 or PankoMab asdescribed in example 2A-2. In case, the number of TF-positive cells isto low, the TF-negative cell line is treated with a mutagen, preferablya chemical mutagen, preferably ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as describedin example 2A-1. Thereafter, the TF-positive cells are selected asdescribed above. The selection for TF-positive cells need to be repeatedand thereafter TF-positive cells need to be cloned to receive cells thatstably TF-positive as described in example 2A-2.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the”, include plural referents unless thecontext clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “areagent” includes one or more of such different reagents, and referenceto “the method” includes reference to equivalent steps and methods knownto those of ordinary skill in the art that could be modified orsubstituted for the methods described herein.

Surprisingly, it was possible to generate cell lines (such as thedeposited NM-F9 and NM-D4) from K562 cells (ATCC CCL-243) that expressseveral highly specific tumour associated carbohydrate antigens, namelythe TF in very high amounts, and asialoglycophorin (AGPA) consisting ofthe carrier protein glycophorin and TF groups in high amounts, and LeXin high amounts, and TA-MUC1 in moderate amounts, and Tn in comparablylow amounts. Additionally, it was surprising that said cell lines arehighly immunostimulatory and are able to activate immune responsesagainst said tumour antigens.

The generation of exposed and stably expressed TF groups in suitabledensities on the cells of the cell lines of the present invention is anunpredicted finding, since TF is a core sugar in O-glycosylation whichis normally cryptically hidden in longer carbohydrate chains which arebuild up via a complex pattern of glycosyltransferases. Due to thecomplex O-glycosylation machinery in which large amounts of differentenzymes are involved which are depending on each other and on complexsubstrate properties, prerequisites for an expression of the inner coresugar Core-1, which equals TF when exposed were very difficult.Moreover, the combined expression of high amounts of TF and glycophorinon the cells of the cell lines of the present invention is highlyadvantageous. TF is present on the glycophorin (GPA) which can hardly beincreased by neuramidase treatment showing that GPA exists asasialoglycophorin (AGPA) on the membrane of NM-F9 and NM-D4. GlycophorinA is a marker for erythrocytes. Other cells normally lack glycophorin.The advantage of TF in form of AGPA is that it is known from studiesfrom Springer (Springer G F; Immunoreactive T and Tn epitopes in cancerdiagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapy. J. Mol. Med. 1997; 75:594-602)that AGPA in a crude preparation obtained from a crude process from redblood cells in combination with enzymatic desialylation results in aneffective cancer vaccination hardly or not met by other treatments. Thepresent invention uses these large advantage of AGPA in form of a cellline that stably express AGPA. This has a lot of advantages comparedwith the conventional preparation of AGPA from blood cells. Forexample 1) there is no need of any enzymatic treatment for theproduction of AGPA since the cell lines presented in this inventionsynthesize the TF-positive AGPA in contrast to red blood cells whichsynthesize the TF-negative GPA. 2) It does not need preparation fromblood samples which can be contaminated with viruses and prions andwhich are heterogeneous in composition, highly variable from batch tobatch and a difficult purification process based on phenol extraction.3) These advantages are combined with other potent antigens, e.g. Tn,TA-MUC1, MUC1 and LeX. The TF groups on the glycophorin backbonemolecules in form of AGPA are in itself highly immunogenic when purifiedwhich is also shown by these historical studies. The cell line K562(i.e. the origin of the cell lines of the present invention) is known toexpress glycophorin but not TF. Accordingly, it is assumed that the celllines of the present invention contain a genetic defect (for example adefect in specific glycosyltransferases) which leads to an expression ofTF, which is normally not present on K562 cells. It is now possible toprovide a cell line which expresses besides glycophorin also theTF-antigen without the need for any further modification. In addition,NM-D4 was identified to be particularly suitable for generation MUC1with the tumour specific conformational epitope TA-MUC1, the tumourepitope of MUC1 which is apparently a conformational epitope induced byparticular glycosylation modifications in the immunodominant region ofMUC1 comprising the peptide sequence PDTRP. NM-F9 and NM-D4 expressTA-MUC1 in an amount of about 1-1.5*10⁵ binding sites for TA-specificantibodies which is not a low amount and which was until now not known.In contrast, it was shown that MUC1 in general is expressed in K562 in ahardly or not detectable amount (Zhang K, Sikut R, Hansson G C. A MUC1mucin secreted from a colon carcinoma cell line inhibits target celllysis by natural killer cells. Cellular Immunology, 1997; 176:158-165)and hence it was not expected to discover suitable amounts of MUC1 andTA-MUC1 on these cells or cells derived from K562. Furthermore, MUC1 isknown to be immunosuppressive by inhibiting proliferation of T cells(Agrawal B, Krantz M J, Reddish M A, Longenecker B M. Cancer-associatedMUC1 mucin inhibits human T-cell proliferation, which is reversible byIL-2.: Nat. Med. 1998 January; 4(1):43-9) and killing of NK cells (ZhangK, Sikut R, Hansson G C. A MUC1 mucin secreted from a colon carcinomacell line inhibits target cell lysis by natural killer cells. CellularImmunology, 1997; 176:158-165). However, MUC1 expressed on NM-F9 orNM-D4 cells was not immunoinhibitory (see the results of the appendedexamples; in particular the in vivo data). Furthermore, NM-F9 or NM-D4cells were found to express the carbohydrate tumour antigens Tn but inlow amounts and high amounts of LeX (equals Lewis X or Le^(x)) which areother carbohydrate antigens expressed on carcinoma cells. Thus, theaccumulation of various pan-carcinomic antigens, including TF, in highsuitable' densities combined with the biotechnologically advantageouscapabilities of K562 (in particular to be a well-established andbiotechnolgically suitable cell line) renders the NM-F9 and/or NM-D4cell line of the present invention a suitable master cell line which canbe used for all or many different tumour and carcinoma types withaccording relevant antigens, in particular TF (including TF in aparticular immunogenic form on the carrier GPA as AGPA), TA-MUC1, MUC1,Tn and/or LeX as well as other tumour antigens which are naturally partof NM-D4, NM-F9 mainly originating from the K562 phenotype, and whichwere not further investigated herein, for example BCR-ABL fusion gene.According to the present invention the term “cell line” means a cellline or cells which can be grown under in vitro culture conditions asindicated, e.g., in the appended examples. Additionally, said term alsoembraces cells of a single type that have been grown in the laboratoryfor several generations. The term “cell lines of the present invention”relates to (a) cell line(s) that express TF on the cell surface and thatexpress MUC1, preferably TA-MUC1 on the cell surface and that expressglycophorin, preferably as asialoglycophorin on the cell surface.Moreover, said term relates preferably to the specific cell-clones NM-F9and/or NM-D4 as well as subclones thereof. The meaning of “subclones” isdescribed herein elsewhere. The term “NM-F9” as used herein, isequivalent to terms like e.g. “F9”; “clone F9” or “K562-F9” and relatesto cells of a cell line or a cell line deposited with the DeutscheSammlung für Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (“DSMZ”) on Aug. 14,2003 and having the deposit number DSM ACC2606.

The term “NM-D4” as used herein, is equivalent to terms like e.g. “D4”;“clone D4” or “K562-D4” and relates to cells of a cell line or a cellline deposited with the Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen undZellkulturen GmbH (“DSMZ”) Aug. 14, 2003 and having the deposit numberDSM ACC2605.

The DSMZ is located at the Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig,Germany. The aforementioned DSMZ deposits were made pursuant to theterms of the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of thedeposit of microorganisms for purposes of patent procedure. The NM-F9and NM-D4 cell lines have been deposited by Nemod Biotherapeutics GmbH &Co. KG, Robert-Rossle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (i.e. thedepositor) who authorise the applicant of the present application torefer to the deposited biological material described herein and givetheir unreserved and irrevocable consent to the applicant of the presentapplication that the deposited biological material described herein bemade available to the public in accordance with Rule 28(1)(d) of theEuropean Patent Convention.

The term “subclones” when used in accordance with the present inventionmeans cells or cells of a cell line which are derived from NM-F9 orNM-D4 and which occur due to naturally occurring alterations, e.g.,mutations, but having similar characteristics as the above-mentionedcell lines. In particular, the subclones as mentioned herein have atleast the following similar characteristics (a) to (c) which they sharewith NM-D4 and NM-F9:

(a) they express TF on the cell surface;

(b) they express MUC1 and preferably TA-MUC1 on the cell surface; and

(c) they express glycophorin, preferably as asialoglycophorin on thecell surface.

The term “TA-MUC1” as used herein, is a conformational epitope in whichparticular glycosylations at the PDTRP region induce a conformationwhich is tumour specific. Said TA-MUC1 has been described in greatdetail for example in PCT/EP03/08014. It is preferred that theaforementioned antigens are detectable (e.g. in FACS; ELISA or the like)with the following antibodies: A78-G/A7, Nemod-TF1 and/or Nemod-TF2(Goletz S., Cao Y, Danielczyk A., Ravn P., Schöber U., and Karsten U.Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: the “hidden” tumour antigen. Adv. Exp.Med. Biol. 2003; 535:147-62, all obtainable from NEMOD Immuntherapie AG(which is now NEMOD Biotherapeutics GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, for TF;A76-A/C7, VU-11E2, VU-11D1, BC4E549, VU-12E1, VU-3D1 and b-12 for MUC1and preferably A76-A/C7 and more preferably PankoMab for TA-MUC1). Inaddition, the aforementioned antibodies are known in the art. AntibodyA76-A/C7 is can be obtained from NEMOD Biotherapeutics GmbH & Co. KG.The PankoMab antibody is described in Christensen A P, Danielczyk A,Stahn R, Goletz S. Simple separation of DNA in antibody purification.Protein Expr Purif, in press, and preferably A83-C/B12 for glycophorinand preferably A63-C/A9 for asioaloglycophorin). Further, it ispreferred that the subclones of the present invention (d) grow insuspension under the standard laboratory conditions (e.g. as detailed bythe DSMZ for K562).

Methods for determining the presence of the aforementionedcarbohydrate-antigens on the surface of cell lines (e.g. the cell linesof the present invention) are well-known to the skilled person andinclude for example ELISA; FACS; Blotting-techniques like Western-Blotand/or glycosylation analysis techniques as described and provided forexample by Oxford GlycoSystems or Glycotope GmbH. In addition, theappended examples describe the characterization of the carbohydratesurface antigens of the cell lines of the present invention in greatdetail.

Characterization of NM-F9 and NM-D4

TF which is absent on K562 is strongly and stably expressed on NM-F9 andNM-D4 as shown by binding of the TF specific antibodies A78-G/A7 (FIG.1), Nemod-TF1 and Nemod-TF2. Neuramidase treatment of stronglyTF-positive NM-F9 reveals that sialylation is largely reduced but someTF is still sialylated (FIG. 2). The latter fact is depending on mediaconditions.

NM-F9: Beside the very strong expression of TF, Tn and Sialyl-Tn, whichare both weakly expressed in K562 wt (K562 wild type; equals K562 asobtained from DSMZ), are up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively.(FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) To determine whether increased carrier proteinexpression was in part responsible for these changes in TF expression,the expression of glycophorin A (GPA) and MUC1, major known carriers forTF, were analysed. Clearly, no different expression level was seen forMUC1 and only a minor increase in GPA (FIG. 1E, F, I, J and FIG. 2). Incontrast, the binding of the antibody A63-C/A9, which recognizesglycophorin A only if glycosylated with TF at a certain site thereforeacting as a marker for asialoglycophorin A (AGPA), the TF glycosylatedversion of GPA, is very strong on NM-F9 and is not above background inK562 wt. These results indicate that the increased TF expression onNM-F9 is caused by a strongly reduced ability of the cell to sialylatewhich is supported by the binding studies with the lectins SNA, PNA andMAA (FIG. 3A) and the determination of the sialic acid content in themembrane fraction of K562 wt and NM-F9 cells (FIG. 3B). Lectin stainingwith MAA and SNA revealed that the total amount of α2-3- and 2-6-linkedsialic acids on membrane proteins and lipids was about five-fold andtwo-fold, respectively, lower in NM-F9 cells (FIG. 3A). Binding of thesialylation-sensitive lectin PNA which preferentially binds to TF butalso other desialylated terminal galactose residues increased about33-fold in NM-F9 (FIG. 3A). Finally, the chemically determined contentof sialic acids in the cell membrane was almost three-fold reduced inNM-F9 (FIG. 3B).

Interestingly, Le^(x), a complex carbohydrate tumour marker on N- andO-glycans, was present on K562-wt cells (i.e. K562 wildtype cells as forexample provided by the DSMZ) but its synthesis was strongly induced inNM-F9 cells (FIG. 2). However, the sialylated form of Le^(x) (s-Le^(x)),as well as other Lewis carbohydrate antigens (i.e. Le^(a), s-Le^(a),Le^(y)), were absent in K562-wt and NM-F9 cells. UEAI, which detectsterminal fucose in various linkages including fucose on Le^(x) andsLe^(x), did only weakly bind to K562 wt but strongly to NM-F9. Thisassumes that the increased Le^(x) is generated by an up-regulation offucosylation which was not further investigated.

NM-D4: The clone NM-D4 has similar properties as NM-F9. They show a verysimilar expression of, for example TF and Le^(x) (very strong), GPA(strong), and Sialyl-Tn and s-Le^(x) (very low or lacking). Differencesare seen in a strong increase in TA-MUC1 and some decrease in Tn and theA63-C/A9 epitope, whereby the latter is still strongly expressed onNM-D4. In order to see if the number of TA MUC1 epitopes on membranebound MUC1 are increased, the number of binding sites of PankoMab onK562 wt, NM-F9 and NM-D4 and the affinity of the binding was determinedby Scatchard analysis using radiolabelled ¹¹¹In-PankoMab (table 1).Scatchard analysis allows the determination of the maximum number ofantibody molecules bound per cell and the apparent association constantof the binding reaction. Plotting the ratio of specifically bound andfree antibody against the concentration of specifically bound antibodyreveals a straight line. The binding capacity per cell was calculatedfrom the intercept value at the abscissa and the association constantfrom the slope of the line. Surprisingly, the number of binding sites ofPankoMab was not elevated in NM-F9 or NM-D4. On the contrary, NM-D4 andNM-F9 have about 60-65% of the number of binding sites as K562 wt.However, the affinity of the interaction between PankoMab and the cellswas changed. While PankoMab recognizes MUC1 on NM-F9 with only a slightincrease in affinity, MUC1 on NM-D4 is recognized with a 5 timesincreased affinity compared to MUC1 on K562 wt. This reflects that thealtered truncated glycosylation leads to a better accessibility and/orfolding of the complex carbohydrate-induced conformational tumourepitope of MUC1 (TA-MUC1) which is more prevalent in NM-D4 than inNM-F9. These determinations also show that MUC1, including TA-MUC1 ispresent on NM-F9, NM-D4 and K562 wt with an amount of antibody bindingsites between about 1-1.5*10⁵, which is not low and contradicts the non-or hardly detectable amounts of MUC1 on K562 wt reported earlier (ZhangK, Sikut R, Hansson G C. A MUC1 mucin secreted from a colon carcinomacell line inhibits target cell lysis by natural killer cells. CellularImmunology, 1997; 176:158-165).

The given numbers and fold changes of expression, mainly performed inFACS analyses, are not absolute for the description of NM-D4 and NM-F9because of several reasons: Inherent in the technology of FACS arevarieties in absolute intensities from measurement to measurement,setting of the gates also has an influence; Media conditions caninfluence the residual sialylation amount of NM-F9 and NM-D4; inherentfor cell cultures is, even with stable expressing clones, a slightvariation in the expression amounts which also might change during cellcycle.

In a further embodiment the cell lines of the present invention comprisea vector. Such a vector may be, e.g., a plasmid, cosmid, virus,phagemide, bacteriophage or another vector used e.g. conventionally ingenetic engineering or in transfection of mammal cells and may comprisefurther genes such as marker genes which allow for the selection of saidvector in a suitable host cell and under suitable conditions. Saidvector may be one selected from commercially available vectors.Nonlimiting examples include plasmid vectors and expression systemscompatible with mammalian cells, such as pcDNA vectors, pSec vectors,pCMV vectors, pCEP4 (all Invitrogen), pRK5, pMC1 neo (Stratagene), pSG5(Stratagene), pBK vectors (Stratagene) EBO-pSV2neo, pBPV-1, pdBPVMMTneo,pRSVgpt, pRSVneo, pSV2-dhfr, pTRE vectors (Clontech), pet-On/Off vectors(Clontech), and bicistronic and bi-directional vectors (e.g. pIRESvectors, pBl Vectors, Clontech)). For vector modification techniques,see Sambrook and Russel “Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual”, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory, N.Y. (2001). Vectors can contain one or morereplication and inheritance systems for cloning or expression, one ormore markers for selection in the host, e.g., antibiotic resistance, andone or more expression cassettes. For use in patients it is preferred touse selection systems and/or singly cell cloning without introduction ofantibiotic resistance markers.

In a further embodiment, said vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule.The nucleic acid molecule according to the invention may be any type ofnucleic acid, e.g. DNA or RNA. The DNA may, for example, be genomic DNA;synthetic DNA or cDNA. The RNA may be, e.g., mRNA. The nucleic acidmolecule may be natural, synthetic or semisynthetic or it may be aderivative, such phosphorothioates. Furthermore, the nucleic acidmolecule may be a recombinantly produced chimeric nucleic acid moleculecomprising any of the aforementioned nucleic acid molecules either aloneor in combination. The nucleic acid molecules comprised by said vectorcan be synthesized by standard methods, isolated from natural sources,or prepared as hybrids. Ligation of the coding sequences totranscriptional regulatory elements (e.g., promoters, enhancers,insulators or the like) and/or to other amino acid encoding sequencescan be carried out using established methods. Said vector is introducedinto the cells of the cell lines of the present invention by methodscommonly known in the art, for example, lipofection, electroporation,Ca-Phosphate-' transfection and the like.

Furthermore, the vectors may comprise expression control elements,allowing proper expression of the coding regions in suitable hosts. Suchcontrol elements are known to the artisan and may include a promoter,translation initiation codon, translation and insertion site or internalribosomal entry sites (IRES) (Owens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98(2001), 1471-1476) for introducing an insert into the vector. Controlelements ensuring expression in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells arewell known to those skilled in the art. As mentioned above, they usuallycomprise regulatory sequences ensuring initiation of transcription andoptionally poly-A signals ensuring termination of transcription andstabilization of the transcript. Additional regulatory elements mayinclude transcriptional as well as translational enhancers, and/ornaturally-associated or heterologous promoter regions. Possibleregulatory elements permitting expression comprise for example theCMV-HSV thymidine kinase promoter, SV40, RSV-promoter (Rous sarcomevirus), human elongation factor 1α-promoter, CMV enhancer, CaM-kinasepromoter or SV40-enhancer. For the expression in the cells/cell lines ofthe present invention, several regulatory sequences are well known inthe art. For the expression in prokaryotic cells, a multitude ofpromoters including, for example, the tac-lac-promoter, the lacUV5 orthe trp promoter, has been described. Beside elements which areresponsible for the initiation of transcription such regulatory elementsmay also comprise transcription termination signals, such as SV40-poly-Asite or the tk-poly-A site, downstream of the polynucleotide. In thiscontext, suitable expression vectors are known in the art such asOkayama-Berg cDNA expression vector pcDV1 (Pharmacia), pRc/CMV, pcDNA1,pcDNA3, pcDNA5 (Invitrogen). An expression vector according to thisinvention is at least capable of directing the replication, andpreferably the expression, of nucleic acids contained therein. Suitableorigins of replication include, for example, the SV40 viral and theorigins of replication. Suitable termination sequences include, forexample, the bovine growth hormone, SV40, lacZ and AcMNPV polyhedralpolyadenylation signals. Examples of selectable markers includeneomycin, ampicillin, and hygromycin resistance and the like.Specifically-designed vectors allow the shuttling of DNA betweendifferent host cells, such as bacteria-animal cells. The vector mayfurther comprise nucleic acid sequences encoding for secretion signals.Such sequences are well known to the person skilled in the art.Furthermore, depending on the expression system used, leader sequencescapable of directing e.g. an expressed polypeptide to a cellularcompartment may be added to the coding sequence of the nucleic acidmolecules of the invention and are well known in the art. The leadersequence(s) is (are) assembled in appropriate phase with translation,initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequencecapable of directing secretion of translated protein, or a part thereof,into, inter alia, the extracellular membrane. Optionally, theheterologous sequence can encode a fusion protein including an C- orN-terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics,e.g., stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinantproduct. Once the vector has been incorporated into the appropriatehost, the host is maintained under conditions suitable for high levelexpression of the nucleotide sequences, and, as desired, the collectionand purification of the proteins, antigenic fragments or fusion proteinsof the invention may follow. Of course, the vector can also compriseregulatory regions from pathogenic organisms.

Furthermore, said vector may also be, besides an expression vector, agene transfer and/or gene targeting vector. Gene therapy, which is basedon introducing therapeutic genes (for example for vaccination) intocells by ex-vivo or in-vivo techniques is one of the most importantapplications of gene transfer. Suitable vectors, vector systems andmethods for in-vitro or in-vivo gene therapy are described in theliterature and are known to the person skilled in the art; see, e.g.,Giordano, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 534-539; Schaper, Circ. Res. 79(1996), 911-919; Anderson, Science 256 (1992), 808-813, Isner, Lancet348 (1996), 370-374; Muhlhauser, Circ. Res. 77 (1995), 1077-1086; Wang,Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 714-716; WO 94/29469; WO 97/00957; Schaper,Current Opinion in Biotechnology 7 (1996), 635-640 or Verma, Nature 389(1997), 239-242 and references cited therein. The vectors as describedherein above may be designed for direct introduction or for introductionvia liposomes, or viral vectors (e.g. adenoviral, retroviral) into thecell. Additionally, baculoviral systems or systems based on vacciniavirus or Semliki Forest Virus can be used as eukaryotic expressionsystem for the nucleic acid molecule comprised by the vectors comprisedby the cell lines of the present invention.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the nucleicacid molecule comprised by the aforementioned vector encodes apolypeptide or fragments of the polypeptide selected from the groupconsisting of a cytokine, like IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, antigen presentingmolecules like MHC class I and MHC class II molecules, costimulatorymolecules, like CD80 and CD86, growth factors like GM-CSF, T cellepitopes or multimers thereof, tumour antigens or fragments thereof,hormones or sexual hormones, like FSH, hCG, insulin, adjuvants orfragments of adjuvants, like pan T-cell helper epitopes, antibodies andother molecules, like erythropoietin, glycophorin or forms of antigenswhich are lacking transmembrane domains for secretion, like glycophorinwith lacking transmembrane and intracellular part but with an additionalsecretion signal or any combination thereof.

The term “antibody” comprises derivatives or fragments thereof whichstill retain the binding specificity. Said term furthermore includeschimeric, single chain and humanized antibodies, as well as antibodyfragments, like, inter alis, Fab fragments. Antibody fragments orderivatives further comprise F(ab′)2, Fv or scFv fragments; see, forexample, Harlow and Lane (“Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual”, CSH Press,Cold Spring Harbor, 1988). It is in particular preferred that theantibodies/antibody constructs as well as antibody fragments orderivatives to be employed in accordance with this invention or capableto be expressed in a cell.

Accordingly, in context of the present invention, the term “antibodymolecule” relates to full immunoglobulin molecules as well as to partsof such immunoglobulin molecules. Furthermore, the term relates, asdiscussed above, to modified and/or altered antibody molecules, likechimeric and humanized antibodies. The term also relates torecombinantly generated/synthesized antibodies. The term also relates tointact antibodies as well as to antibody fragments thereof, like,separated light and heavy chains, Fab, Fab/c, Fv, Fab′, F(ab′)2. Theterm “antibody molecule” also comprises bifunctional antibodies andantibody constructs, like single chain Fvs (scFv) or antibody-fusionproteins. It is also envisaged in context of this invention that theterm “antibody” comprises antibody constructs which may be expressed incells, e.g. antibody constructs which may be transfected and/ortransduced via, inter alis, viruses or vectors.

It is also envisaged that the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acidcomprised by a vector which is comprised by the cell line of the presentinvention is glycosylated and/or pegylated.

Generation and production of molecules (as for example glycoproteins)with lacking or low sialylation which are modified for example byPEGylation or other suitable molecules and techniques are known to thoseskilled in the art in order to improve their biological activity, theirdetectability and/or pharmaceutical suitability. Thereby molecules asglycoproteins with no or low amount of sialic acids are generated byexpressing these molecules in the cell lines of the present invention,in particular in the cell line NM-F9, NM-D4. These molecules areisolated either from the cells or preferentially from the media of thecell cultures of these cells by expression as secreted molecules bymethods known to those skilled in the art. The molecules are furthermodified by chemical or enzymatic methods, for example by PEGylation,attachment of fluorochromes, chemical linkers, peptides, proteins orother chemical molecules like biotin, known to those skilled in the art.

One preferred form is the PEGylation using CMP-Sialic acid linked to PEGin combination with one or several sialyltransferases as for exampleknown for GlycoPegylation™ described by Neose Inc. Molecules expressedby the cells of the invention have the advantages: either, to (i) allowa higher and/or more effective and/or more controllable PEGylation atthe sugar chains because of the lack or low amounts of sialylatedcarbohydrate sites which results in biologically improved molecules insense known to be associated with PEGylation and/or a more efficientand/or standardizable/controllable process; or (ii) to allow theattachment of the modification to glycan sites which are not possible tobe attached conventially or only by means of complex additionalmodification prior to the addition of the modification; or (iii) to lackthe requirements to partially or completely desialylate the targetmolecule in order to obtain a suitable PEGylation by the knownprocesses. Molecules expressed by standard expression systems as forexample CHO, NSO, Per.C6 or HEK-cells have a higher sialylation of theexpressed molecules than those expressed by cells of the presentinvention. Therefore the conventionally expressed molecules either havea lower or less efficient modification or have to be enzymatically orchemically desialylated in vitro and further purified which is labourand cost intensive especially when produced for clinical use and oftengenerate problems in imposing a standardized controllable process to thehigh clinical requirements. In contrast, the advantage of the presentinvention is that the use of the cell lines of the invention and thenucleic acid molecules expressed in these cell lines is that the stepsconnected with desialylation will be unnecessary and the modificationprocess is more efficient, better standardizable and controllable,cheaper, and/or faster. In comparison to standard technologies thisprocess is often advantageous since the PEGylation does not occur at thepeptide backbone and hence often reduces the activity in vitro but isfurther away from the active sites avoiding a reduction of the in vitrobioactivity. Besides the PEGylation other chemical or enzymaticmodifications are preferred in combination with molecules expressed inthe cell lines of the invention: e.g. bioactive or functional compoundslike carbohydrates, modified carbohydrates, peptides, linkers,water-soluble polymers, toxins, fluorochromes, binding molecules likeantibodies or antibody fragments, chemokines or cytokines, hormones orgrowth factors, or other bioactive molecules are attached via thecarbohydrate PEGylation (not restricted to the examples). The method ofattachment is known to those skilled in the art. Preferably theattachments occur via a glycosyl-linkage group known to those skilled inthe art. The advantage(s) of using molecules expressed by the cells ofthe present invention is (are) the same as those described above for thePEGylation. In addition, the in vitro modification by carbohydrate ormodified carbohydrates using the molecules expressed by the cells of thepresent invention enables a controlled attachment and bias towardscertain types of sialic acids, sialic acids linkages and positions ofattachment which is beneficial for the biological activity of themolecule and allows a customisation of the sialic acid pattern.

Alternatively or additionally the cell lines of the present inventionmay comprise an anti-sense, iRNA, siRNA or ribozyme in order to silenceunintended genes which are expressed or might be expressed in the celllines of the present invention, e.g. when employing the cell lines ofthe present invention as vaccines. An siRNA approach is, for example,dislosed in Elbashir ((2001), Nature 411, 494-498)). It is alsoenvisaged in accordance with this invention that for example shorthairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are employed. The shRNA approach for genesilencing is well known in the art and may comprise the use of st (smalltemporal) RNAs; see, inter alia, Paddison (2002) Genes Dev. 16, 948-958.Approaches for gene silencing are known in the art and comprise“RNA”-approaches like RNAi or siRNA. Successful use of such approacheshas been shown in Paddison (2002) loc. cit., Elbashir (2002) Methods 26,199-213; Novina (2002) Mat. Med. Jun. 3, 2002; Donze (2002) Nucl. AcidsRes. 30, e46; Paul (2002) Nat. Biotech 20, 505-508; Lee (2002) Nat.Biotech. 20, 500-505; Miyagashi (2002) Nat. Biotech. 20, 497-500; Yu(2002) PNAS 99, 6047-6052 or Brummelkamp (2002), Science 296, 550-553.These approaches may be vector-based, e.g. the pSUPER vector, or RNApollll vectors may be employed as illustrated, inter alia, in Yu (2002)loc. cit.; Miyagishi (2002) loc. cit. or Brummelkamp (2002) loc. cit.“Anti-sense” and “antisense nucleotides” means DNA or RNA constructswhich block the expression of the naturally occurring gene product. Asused herein, the terms “antisense oligonucleotide” and “antisenseoligomer” are used interchangeably and refer to a sequence of nucleotidebases that allows the antisense oligomer to hybridize to a targetsequence in an RNA by Watson Crick base pairing, to form an RNA:oligomer heteroduplex within the target sequence.

It is also envisaged that the cells of the cell lines of the presentinvention are genetically engineered, mutated or infected by oncogenicviruses or via random mutagenesis using chemicals, like EMS (ethylmethanesulfonate). In the context of the present invention the term“genetically engineered” is used in its broadest sense for methods knownto the person skilled in the art to modify desired nucleic acids invitro and in vivo such that genetic modifications are affected and genesare altered by recombinant DNA technology. Accordingly, it is preferredthat said methods comprise cloning, sequencing and transformation ofrecombinant nucleic acids. For this purpose appropriate vectors,primers, enzymes, host cells and the like can be used and are known bythe skilled artisan. Preferably, genetically engineered cells comprisecells harbouring recombinant nucleic acids encoding antigens orimmunogens or parts thereof, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors andthe like. Antigens and immunogens can be, for example, one or moretumour antigens or parts thereof, antigens from infectiousmicroorganisms or parasites, like bacteria, fungi, viruses and the like.Furthermore, among the immunogens are, for example, molecules whichincrease the immunogenicity, like pan T-cell epitopes or multimersthereof, like PADRE-epitopes, or tetanus toxoid fragments which evoke anadditional immunstimulatory effect via activation of MHC classII-mediated processes. It is also envisaged that the cells of the celllines of the present invention are genetically engineered with nucleicacids encoding effector molecules, like transcription factors,components of signal transduction pathways or signalling cascades, orcytokines, chemokines, growth factors and the like which are able tomodulate directly or indirectly the expression of endogenous molecules,e.g. nucleic acids, polypeptides, posttranslationally modifiedpolypeptides and lipids and the like. More preferably, the tumour cellsare transiently or stably transfected with a desired nucleic acidmolecule.

It is also envisaged that the cells of the cell lines of the presentinvention are genetically engineered so as to express a polypeptideagainst which antibodies should be raised. If cell lysates from thesetumour cells are produced and administered to an individual, it isexpected that a humoral and/or cellular immune response is developed byindividuals, preferably this immune response comprises antibodyresponses and/or T helper cell responses and/or cytotoxic T cellresponses more preferable is combination of humoral and cellular immuneresponses.

In accordance with the present invention, the term “mutated” means (a)permanent modification(s) of genetic material, i.e. nucleic acids,caused, for example, naturally or by physical means or chemicalcompounds/substances/agents such as EMS. Said modifications includepoint mutations, like transitions or transversions,deletion/insertion/addition of one or more bases within a nucleicacid/gene/chromosome thereby modifying the nucleic acid/gene/chromosomewhich can cause, inter alis, aberrant geneexpression/transcription/translation or inactive gene products,constitutive active/inactive gene products leading to e.g.dominant-negative effects. Thus, it is also envisaged that the cells ofthe cell lines of the present invention comprise cells which harbour (a)mutation(s) in (a) desired gene(s) or in which (a) mutation(s) in (a)desired gene(s) is induced by methods known to the person skilled in theart. It is also known in the prior art that mutated or geneticallyengineered tumour cells can be selected by any suitablemethod/phenotype.

In accordance with the present invention the term “infected” means cellsof the cell lines of the present invention, which have been infectedwith a virus, or viroid, and/or proteinaceous structure. Said virus, orviroid, and/or proteinaceous structure may also be used as a vehicle forgenetically engineering said cells. It is preferred that said viruswhich infects tumour cells is an oncogenic virus, however, is notlimited to oncogenic viruses. Most preferably said oncogenic virus isselected from the group consisting of retroviruses or DNA viruses, e.g.papovaviruses like human papilloma viruses (HPV), type C oncoviruses,like human T cell leukaemia viruses (HTLV), herpes viruses, likeEpstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepadnaviruses, like hepatitis B virus (HBV),and lentiviruses, like human deficiency virus (HIV). It is alsoenvisaged that tumour cells are already infected with any one of theabove mentioned viruses. Furthermore, infected tumour cells or lysatesthereof may be important when used for prophylactic/therapeuticvaccination against infectious diseases caused for example by viruseslike HIV, HBV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), HPV. Preferably, the infectiouscomponent(s) comprised by the lysates produced from these infected cellshas/have to be additionally inactivated. Methods to be used are known tothose skilled in the art, e.g., heat inactivation, acid inactivationand/or sterile filtration or the like.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a lysate of the celllines of the present invention.

According to the present invention the term “lysate” means a solution orsuspension in an aqueous medium of the cells of the present invention,wherein at least 50%, preferably 75% and most preferred more than 95%,e.g. 99% or most preferred 100% of the cells are broken. However, theterm should not be construed in any limiting way. The cell lysatecomprises, e.g., macromolecules, like DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides,carbohydrates, lipids and the like and/or micromolecules, like aminoacids, sugars, lipid acids and the like, or fractions of it.Additionally, said lysate comprises cell debris which may be of smoothor granular structure. Preferably the lysate is devoid of all or most ofthe DNA. The preparation of such lysates and fractions thereof are knownto those skilled in the art. The details of the preparations of suchcell lysates as well as for the preparation of heat induced cell lysatesare specifically described in a PCT-application filed on Aug. 18, 2003on behalf of the NEMOD Immuntherapie AG and based on EP 02 01 8512.Accordingly, those skilled in the art are readily in a position toprepare the desired lysates by referring to the above generalexplanations and specific explanations in EP 02 01 8512.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to molecules, a mixture ofmolecules or fragments hereof obtained from the cell lines of thepresent invention.

According to the present invention the term “molecules” meansbiomolecules obtained from the cells of the present invention. Thesebiomolecules can be for example proteins, glycoproteins, or glycolipidsand can be obtained by suitable fractionation techniques, for example asingle or combination of various chromatography in order obtain themolecule or a mixture of desired molecules. The techniques forfractionations and purification steps are well known to those skilled inthe art. Molecules can be obtained from the media for example fromsecreted molecules or by preparation from cells, for example frommembranes, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm or comparments like theendoplasmaticreticulum/golgi apparatus. Examples are MUC1 obtained fromthe media whereby NM-D4 is preferred before NM-F9 as a source. This MUC1carries TF groups and the TA-MUC1 epitope (table 2) and isimmunostimulatory. Another example is the generation of AGPA(asioaloglycophorin) from membrane preparations whereby NM-F9 ispreferred over NM-D4. The yield of the latter can be increased forexample by using an expression vector for transfection of theglycophorin A. Soluble AGPA can be generated by transfection of a vectorencoding glycophorin A without transmembrane and intracellular parts butwith secretory signals.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to dendritic cells loadedwith the lysate of the present invention.

In accordance with the present invention the term “dendritic cells”relates to professional antigen-presenting cells which capture antigensand migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen, where they are particularlyactive in presenting the processed antigen to T cells. The term“dendritic cells” also means cells which have an activity and functionsimilar to dendritic cells. Dendritic cells can be derived from eitherthe lymphoid or mononuclear phagocyte lineages. Said dendritic cells canbe found in lymphatic and non-lymphatic tissue. The latter appear toinduce a T cell response only when being activated and having migratedto lymphatic tissues. Dendritic cells are known to be the or amongst themost potent activators and regulators of immune responses. One importantfeature is that they are presently the only antigen presenting cellsknown to stimulate naïve T cells. Immature dendritic cells arecharacterized by their ability to take-up and process antigens, afunction that is dramatically reduced in mature dendritic cells, whichin turn exhibit enhanced presentation of processed antigens on theirsurface, mainly bound to MHC Class I and Class II molecules but also viaCD1 molecules. Maturation is also associated with upregulation ofcostimulatory molecules (such as CD40, CD80 and CD86), as well ascertain other cell surface proteins (e.g. CD83 and DC-Sign). Dendriticcell maturation is also usually associated with enhanced migratorycapacity, resulting (in vivo) in migration of dendritic cells to theregional lymph nodes, where the dendritic cells encounter T and Blymphocytes. Dendritic cells can be obtained from individuals usingmethods known to those skilled in the art and are described in moredetail in the examples herein. Furthermore, according to the invention,dendritic cells are also those cells or cell lines which show thecomparable functional and/or phenotypic features as dendritic cells,e.g. MUTZ-3 derived cells.

Dendritic cells or their precursors are differentiated using suitablegrowth factors and/or cytokines, e.g. GM-CSF and IL-4 as shown in theexamples herein, the resulting immature dendritic cells are loaded witha lysate according to the invention. Immature DC (iDC) loaded with alysate according to the invention are further maturated to mature DC(mDC). In special cases also mDC can be loaded (pulsed) with antigens orimmunogens from the lysate. Vaccine compositions or pharmaceuticalcompositions for preventing or treating cancers, tumourous diseases andor infectious diseases preferentially comprise loaded mDC whichoriginate from loaded and matured iDC or which were loaded after orduring maturation. The dendritic cells can be loaded either withlysates, fractions from lysates, a molecule or a mixture of molecules orfragments hereof originating from NM-F9 and/or NM-D4. In addition,dendritic cell can be loaded by co-incubation or fusion with cells fromthese cell lines.

A further embodiment of the present invention is a compositioncomprising the cell lines, the lysate, molecules, mixtures of moleculesand/or the dendritic cells of the present invention.

In order to investigate the potential of NM-F9 lysates to inducecellular and humoral immune responses following assays were performed:It could be shown in vitro that T-cell proliferation was induced whencocultivated with mature monocyte derived DC loaded with NM-F9 celllysates (FIG. 5). The DC were loaded with the lysate in the immaturestate and further maturated which leads to antigen uptake, processingand presentation in the context of MHC class I and II molecules onmature DC (hmoDC). This immunogenic effect of NM-F9 cell lysates wasobserved for total T-cells, CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+T-cells.

Activation of specific naïve cytotoxic T cells against MUC1 and AGPAwere tested with functional mature human dendritic cells m-NMDC11 loadedwith NM-F9 lysates in the prime reaction and restimulation with m-NMDC11loaded with a MUC1 A2 peptide and AGPA protein respectively, showingthat naïve CTL can be activated against these antigens using NM-F9 (FIG.6). NMDC11 is an optimized MUTZ-3 derived fully functional humandendritic cell line with features as described in WO03/023023.

Induction of an antibody response towards the several antigens wastested in NOD/SCID mice reconstituted with human PBMC that werevaccinated with NM-F9 cell lysates. Surprisingly, an antibody responsein form of human IgM but also IgG could be observed against TF, Tn, MUC1and AGPA (table 3). The induction of an IgG response indicates a switchof antibody class associated with a T helper cell immune response aswell as induction of memory immune responses against the above antigensincluding the carbohydrate antigens.

Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, said composition is apharmaceutical composition. The cells which were tested to be virus freeare conventionally grown in media, preferably serum free media. Cell areharvested by conventional means and transferred in suitable solutionsfor application which are described in more detail below. Cells areeither used fresh or after deep-freezing and re-thawing in specialfreezing medium known to skilled persons, whereby some loss in vitalityis normal, in a living fashion preferably after lethal irradiation whichprevents proliferation, or as lysates generated as described and citedabove, or in form of molecules or mixtures of molecules generated andpurified as described elsewhere here. Such pharmaceutical compositionscomprise a therapeutically effective amount of the cell lines, thelysate, molecules, mixtures of molecules and/or the dendritic cells ofthe present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Thepharmaceutical composition may be administered with a physiologicallyacceptable carrier to a patient, as described herein. In a specificembodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by aregulatory agency or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use inanimals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” refers to adiluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic isadministered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, suchas water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable orsynthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesameoil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueousdextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers,particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceuticalexcipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt,rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate,talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol,water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can alsocontain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH bufferingagents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions,emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-releaseformulations and the like. The composition can be formulated as asuppository, with traditional binders and carriers such astriglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such aspharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate,sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples ofsuitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin. Such compositions will containa therapeutically effective amount of the cell lysate, preferably inpurified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as toprovide the form for proper administration to the patient. Theformulation should suit the mode of administration.

In another embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance withroutine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted forintravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions forintravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueousbuffer. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions arein a water-soluble form, such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts,which is meant to include both acid and base addition salts. Theadministration of the candidate agents of the present invention can bedone in a variety of ways as discussed above, including, but not limitedto, orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intranasally, transdermally,intranodally, peritumourally, intratumourally, intrarectally,intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonary, vaginally, rectally,or intraocularly. Where necessary, the composition may also include asolubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to easepain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients aresupplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, forexample, as a dry lyophilised powder or water free concentrate in ahermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicatingthe quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to beadministered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottlecontaining sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where thecomposition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile waterfor injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may bemixed prior to administration. The amount of the cell-lines, the celllysate and/or the dendritic cells of the present invention which will beeffective in the treatment or prevention (in particular by vaccination)of cancers, tumours and/or tumourous diseases can be determined bystandard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro assays mayoptionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. Theprecise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on theroute of administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder,and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner andeach patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated fromdose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

In a further preferred embodiment, the composition of the presentinvention is a vaccine composition.

In accordance with the present invention the term “vaccine composition”relates to any composition which can be used as a vaccine. A vaccinemeans a therapeutic or prophylactic use of the pharmaceuticalcomposition which induces an immune response. The forms or methods formanufacturing vaccine compositions according to the present inventionare not particularly limited, and a composition in a desired form can beprepared by applying a single method available in the field of the artor methods in an appropriate combination. For the manufacture of avaccine composition, aqueous media such as distilled water for injectionand physiological saline, as well as one or more kinds of pharmaceuticaladditives available in the field of the art can be used. For example,buffering agents, pH adjusting agents, solubilizing aids, stabilizingagents, soothing agents, antiseptics and the like can be used, andspecific ingredients thereof are well known to those skilled in the art.The vaccine composition can also be prepared as a solid preparation suchas a lyophilized preparation, and then prepared as an injection byadding a solubilizing agent such as distilled water for injection beforeuse. Depending upon the manner of introduction, the compounds may beformulated in a variety of ways as discussed below. The concentration oftherapeutically active compound in the formulation may vary from about0.1-100 wt %. The vaccine composition may be administered alone or incombination with other treatments, i.e., radiation, or otherchemotherapeutic agents or anti-cancer agents. In a preferredembodiment, the vaccine compositions are in a water-soluble form, suchas pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which is meant to include bothacid and base addition salts. The vaccine compositions can be preparedin various forms, such as injection solutions, suspensions, and thelike. The vaccine compositions may also include one or more of thefollowing: carrier proteins such as serum albumin; buffers; stabilizingagents; colouring agents and the like. Additives are well known in theart, and are used in a variety of formulations. A vaccine compositionaccording to the present invention is preferably used for immunizationagainst cancer and/or tumourous diseases.

In another embodiment the pharmaceutical or vaccine compositionaccording to the present invention further comprises cell and/or lysatesof a heterologous cell. The term “lysates” was already explained hereinbefore.

When used in the context of the present invention the term “heterologouscell” means a cell which is not identical to the cells of the cell linesof the present invention. Notably, said heterologous cell can beautologous, allogeneic or xenogenic to the individual to which it may beapplied. In the context of the present invention the term “autologous”means that the heterologous cells are derived from the same individualto which the pharmaceutical or vaccine composition according to theinvention shall be later administered. In accordance with the presentinvention the term “allogeneic” means that the heterologous cells arederived from an individual which is different from the individual towhich the pharmaceutical or vaccine composition according to the presentinvention shall be later administered. The term “xenogenic” means thatthe heterologous cells comprise cells which are not originating from thesame species to which they shall be later administered in the from ofthe pharmaceutical or vaccine composition according to the presentinvention. It is envisaged that said heterologous cell is, for example,a tumour cell derived from a tumour or metastases, also includingmicrometastases which can, e.g., be obtained by surgery, biopsy, or thelike. The tumour cells can be derived from any possible type of tumours.

Examples for such heterologous tumor cells as well as indications forwhich the inventory pharmaceutical or vaccine compositions can be usedare exemplified in the following: Examples are skin, breast, brain,cervical carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, head and neck, lung,mediastinum, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system,gynaecological system, breast, endocrine system, skin, childhood,unknown primary site or metastatic cancer, a sarcoma of the soft tissueand bone, a mesothelioma, a melanoma, a neoplasm of the central nervoussystem, a lymphoma, a leukaemia, a paraneoplastic syndrome, a peritonealcarcinomastosis, a immunosuppression-related malignancy and/ormetastatic cancer etc. The tumour cells may, e.g., be derived from: headand neck, comprising tumours of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses,nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, salivaryglands and paragangliomas, a cancer of the lung, comprising non-smallcell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, a cancer of the mediastinum, acancer of the gastrointestinal tract, comprising cancer of theoesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, biliary tree, small intestine,colon, rectum and anal region, a cancer of the genitourinary system,comprising cancer of the kidney, urethra, bladder, prostate, urethra,penis and testis, a gynaecologic cancer, comprising cancer of thecervix, vagina, vulva, uterine body, gestational trophoblastic diseases,ovarian, fallopian tube, peritoneal, a cancer of the breast, a cancer ofthe endocrine system, comprising a tumour of the thyroid, parathyroid,adrenal cortex, pancreatic endocrine tumours, carcinoid tumour andcarcinoid syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasias, a sarcoma of the softtissue and bone, a mesothelioma, a cancer of the skin, a melanoma,comprising cutaneous melanomas and intraocular melanomas, a neoplasm ofthe central nervous system, a cancer of the childhood, comprisingretinoblastoma, Wilm's tumour, neurofibromatoses, neuroblastoma, Ewing'ssarcoma family of tumours, rhabdomyosarcoma, a lymphoma, comprisingnon-Hodgkin's lymphomas, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, primary centralnervous system lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease, a leukaemia, comprisingacute leukemias, chronic myelogenous and lymphocytic leukemias, plasmacell neoplasms and myelodysplastic syndromes, a paraneoplastic syndrome,a cancer of unknown primary site, a peritoneal carcinomastosis, aimmunosuppression-related malignancy, comprising AIDS-relatedmalignancies, comprising Kaposi's sarcoma, AIDS-associated lymphomas,AIDS-associated primary central nervous system lymphoma, AIDS-associatedHodgkin's disease and AIDS-associated anogenital cancers, andtransplantation-related malignancies, a metastatic cancer to the liver,metastatic cancer to the bone, malignant pleural and pericardialeffusions and malignant ascites. It is mostly preferred that said canceror tumourous disease is cancer of the head and neck, lung, mediastinum,gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynaecological system,breast, endocrine system, skin, childhood, unknown primary site ormetastatic cancer, a sarcoma of the soft tissue and bone, amesothelioma, a melanoma, a neoplasm of the central nervous system, alymphoma, a leukemia, a paraneoplastic syndrome, a peritonealcarcinomastosis, a immunosuppression-related malignancy and/ormetastatic cancer. Accordingly, the term “indications” “tumour asprovided herein, includes individual afflicted by any one of theabove-identified conditions at any stage of development, but is notlimited to the mentioned conditions.

Preferably, the aforementioned heterologous cells have one or moreantigens which are shared with the cancers or tumorous diseases to betreated. The advantage is an additional strong response against antigensor immunogens foreign to the cancers or tumorous diseases to be treatedor prevented, e.g., antigens specific for the tumor cell which are notshared by the cancer or tumors to be treated or prevented, comprising astrong danger signal and/or helper response which can be favourable toovercome anergies and/or tolerances. In a preferred embodiment the tumorcells are in addition from an allogeneic source which can in additionhave a strong allo-response which can be further favourable to overcomeanergies and/or tolerances.

Preferably, the aforementioned pharmaceutical or vaccine compositionscomprises NM-D4 and/or NM-F9 sharing one or more antigens with thecancers or tumourous diseases to be treated. The advantage of theallogeneic origin of NM-F9 and/or NM-D4 for the individual to be treatedis an additional strong response against antigens or immunogens foreignto the cancers or tumourous diseases to be treated or prevented, e.g.,antigens tumour which are not shared by the cancer or tumours to betreated or prevented, and because of the allogenicity a strongalloresponse in general comprising a strong danger signal and/or helperresponse which can be favourable to overcome anergies and/or tolerancestumour.

In another preferred embodiment the pharmaceutical or vaccinecomposition of the present invention further comprises an adjuvant.

With respect to the present invention the term “adjuvant” means that thenatural ability of an antigen to induce an immune response can bemodified, and in particular enhanced, by altering or by mixing it orloaded dendritic cells described hereinabove with another substance. Theterm “adjuvant” also means that tumour cells from which the lysates aregenerated and/or dendritic cells are genetically modified in order toexpress adjuvants or costimulatory factors. The procedure or thesubstance used to enhance immune responses is called an adjuvant. Atleast three classes of adjuvants have been used for a long time; theseare mineral oil emulsions, aluminium compounds, and surface activematerials such as saponin, lysolecithin, retinal, Quil A®, someliposomes, and pluronic polymer formulations. See, for example,Fundamental Immunology, edited by William E. Paul, at p. 1008, RavenPress, New York (this book will hereinafter be referred to as“Fundamental Immunology”). Aluminium adjuvants used alone or incombination include aluminium hydroxide gel, aluminium phosphate,aluminium sulphate, and alums comprising ammonium alum (such as(NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4.Al.sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub.3) and potassium alum.Aluminium hydroxide (hereinafter “AL”) is one of the older adjuvants andit is considered so safe that it has been applied in bacterial and viralvaccines administered to billions of people around the world. Calciumphosphate gel (hereinafter “CP”) has similar properties and is also usedin vaccines. Both substances are available in pharmaceutical qualitiesin most countries worldwide. Techniques for preparing adjuvant-antigenpreparations for injection are well known in the art. See, for example,Terry M. Phillips, Analytical Techniques in Immunochemistry, pp. 307-10,Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992. Other adjuvants include complete Freund'sadjuvant (a water-in-oil emulsion in which killed, dried,mycobacteria—usually M tuberculosis—are suspended in the oil phase);incomplete Freund's adjuvant (analogous to the complete Freund'sadjuvant with no mycobacteria); ISCOM (or immune stimulating complex,comprising lipophilic particles formed by the spontaneous association ofcholesterol, phospholipid and the saponin Quil A®); lipopolysaccharide(complex molecules consisting of a lipid core—lipid A—with apolysaccharide side chain that are components of certain bacilli, LipidA is incorporated into the outer membrane of the bacterium and thepolysaccharide projects extracellularly. Their adjuvant potency isassociated with lipid A; they are also mitogenic for murine Blymphocytes); and mycobacterial adjuvants (whole, heat killed, dried,mycobacteria—such as M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. phlei, and M.smegmatis) that, when suspended in mineral oil and emulsifier, haveadjuvant activity with respect to any antigen given with them. Extractsof some mycobacteria, e.g., mycobacterial peptidoglycolipids havesimilar adjuvant activities. See, for example, Dictionary of Immunologyat pp. 3, 7, 46, 94, 97, 105, and 116; R. B. Luftig, Microbiology andImmunology, pp. 228-29, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia 1998.Microbial adjuvants include Corynebacterium parvum and Bordetellapertussis. See, for example, Handbook of Immunology at 115-16. Use ofcontrolled-release preparations and materials with adjuvant activity andpossible sites of action have been described in Fundamental Immunologyat pp. 1007-09. Mineral carriers such as aluminium hydroxide, potassiumammonium sulphate, and potassium aluminium sulphate adsorb the antigenon their surface. These common adjuvants have been used at a 0.1%concentration with up to 1 mg protein antigen in 1 ml administered toanimals at doses of 0.2-0.5 ml/(kg body weight). See Miroslav Ferencik,Handbook of Immunochemistry, p. 115, Chapman & Hall 1993 (this book willhereinafter be referred to as “Handbook of Immunochemistry”). AlthoughFreund's adjuvant is toxic and not used for immunization of humanbeings, mineral adjuvants such as aluminium hydroxide are common inhuman medicine. Id. at 116. In addition to alum, other adjuvants in thegroup of inert carriers include bentonite, latex, and acrylic particles.See Fundamental Immunology at 1008. Combinations of adjuvants can alsohave adjuvant properties. For example, it has been shown that thecombination of saponin and muramyl dipeptide in a squalene in wateremulsion is superior to alum as an adjuvant for inducing certainresponses in mice. R. Bomford, M. Stapleton, S. Wilson, A. McKnight, andT. Andronova, The control of the antibody isotype responses torecombinant human immunodeficiency virus gp120 antigen by adjuvants,AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses Vol. 8 (1992) pp. 1765 et seq. Theseadjuvants are complemented by new adjuvants that have been developedduring the last fifteen years. See, for example, Anthony C. Allison, TheRole of cytokines in the Action of Immunological Adjuvants, in VaccineDesign. The Role of cytokine Networks, edited by Gregory Gregoriadis andBrenda McCormack, NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences Vol 293, pp. 1-9,Plenum Press, New York 1997 (this book will hereinafter be referred toas “Vaccine Design”); Immunology at p. 116; H. Snippe, I. M. Fernandezand C. A. Kraaijeveld, Adjuvant Directed Immune Specificity at theEpitope Level. Implications for Vaccine Development. A Model Study UsingSemliki Forest Virus Infection of Mice, in Vaccine Design at pp. 155-73.An adjuvant can be administered prior to, simultaneously with, orfollowing the administration of the antigen. Antibody productionenhancement caused by adjuvants is not fully understood. However,adjuvant properties that may exist either alone or in variouscombinations and which permit a substance or formulation to be describedas adjuvant active have been defined. See, for example, J. C. Cox and A.R. Coulter, Adjuvants—A classification and review of their modes ofaction, Vaccine Vol. 15 (1981) pp. 248 et seq.; John Cox, Alan Coulter,Rod Macfarlan, Lorraine Beezum, John Bates, Tuen-Yee Wong and DebbieDrane, Development of an Influenza-ISCOM™ Vaccine, in Vaccine Design atpp. 33-49. One of these properties is depot generation, whereby thevaccine is retained near the dose site to give short-term tricklerelease or a longer term pulsed release. Id. at p. 34.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical or vaccine composition is administereddirectly or in combination with an adjuvant mentioned herein aboveand/or loaded on antigen-presenting cells, particularly dendritic cells.It is also preferred that both the pharmaceutical or vaccine compositionand the adjuvant and the pharmaceutical or vaccine composition and theloaded dendritic cells are administered together or separately from eachother e.g. at different time points or at different locations.Additionally, it is also preferred that said pharmaceutical compositionand adjuvant is administered together with said pharmaceuticalcomposition loaded on dendritic cells. Since dendritic cells are highlyspecialized antigen-presenting cells with the unique capability ininitiating and regulating antigen-specific immune responses, it ispreferred to combine them with the pharmaceutical or vaccinecompositions of the present invention. For the preparation of a tumourvaccine dendritic cells can be generated from the peripheral blood oftumour patients from other donors or from the above-mentioned celllines. In clinical studies, the efficacy of vaccination with dendriticcells has been demonstrated using immunological and—in somecases—clinical endpoints.

Active specific immunotherapy approaches to the treatment of tumourshave been widely investigated during recent years. Numerous studiesinvolving the vaccination of patients with their own inactivated tumourcells have been reported. These studies have demonstrated that inclusionof an adjuvant is necessary to stimulate the patient's immune systemespecially against the autologous, or derived from self, tumour cells.For example, methods utilizing the particulate adjuvant, BacillusCalmette-Guerin (BCG) cells, administered systemically or mixed with thepatient's own tumour cells have been shown to induce tumour-specificimmunity in laboratory animals. Peters, L. C., Brandhorst, J. S., HannaJr., M. G., Preparation of Immuno-Therapeutic Autologous Tumour CellVaccines from Solid Tumours; Cancer Res. 39: 1353-1360 (1979).

In another preferred embodiment the dendritic cells used in theaforementioned compositions are loaded mature dendritic cells (mDC)which originate from lysate-loaded and further matured immaturedendritic cells (iDC) or which were loaded after or during maturation.The term “immature” when used in accordance with the present applicationrelates to professional antigen-presenting cells that are characterizedby their ability to take-up and process antigens. The term “mature” whenused in accordance with the present application relates to professionalantigen-presenting cells that express costimulatory factors and antigensin the context of MHC class molecules or CD1 molecules and can activateT cells, regulatory NKT cells and/or B cells.

Mature DC loaded with the lysate according to the invention arepreferably used to treat or prevent tumourous or infectious diseases. Itis also envisaged that the DC were loaded with a molecule or a mixtureof molecules obtained from NM-F9 and/or NM-D4, co-incubated or fusedwith NM-F9 and/or NM-D4 cells.

Moreover, the present invention relates to a method for the productionof a vaccine composition comprising the step of combining a cell line,or a lysate, molecule or mixture of molecules obtained from these celllines, or dendritic cells loaded with said lysate, co-cultivated orfused with cells from the cell lines according to the present inventionwith an adjuvant

The present invention also relates to a method for the production of apharmaceutical composition comprising the step of combining a cell line,or a lysate, molecule or mixture of molecules obtained from these celllines, or dendritic cells loaded with said lysate, co-cultivated orfused with cells from the cell lines according to the present inventionwith a pharmaceutically acceptable.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a method for thetreatment or prevention, e.g. by vaccination, of cancer and/or tumourousdiseases in an individual comprising the step of administering to theindividual a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of thecell line, the pharmaceutical or vaccine composition or the dendriticcells according to the present invention.

In the context of the present invention the term “individual” means asubject in need of a treatment or prevention of cancer and/or tumourousdiseases. Preferably, the subject is a vertebrate, even more preferred amammal, particularly preferred a human. If the subject is not a humanthe inventive cell lines; lysates, molecules or mixture of molecules areused in a xenogenic fashion. In the case of dendritic cells are thedendritic cells of the origin of the species it is used at.

The term “administered” means administration of a therapeutically orprophylactically effective dose of the cell lysate of the invention toan individual. By “therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount”is meant a dose that produces the effects for which it is administered.The exact dose will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will beascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques. As isknown in the art and described above, adjustments for systemic versuslocalized delivery, age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time ofadministration, drug interaction and the severity of the condition maybe necessary, and will be ascertainable with routine experimentation bythose skilled in the art.

In accordance with the present invention the term “vaccination” isrelated to a general process for immunization against cancers and/ortumourous diseases. Vaccination is a form of deliberate artificialimmunization whereby the cell-lines; cell lysates, molecule, or mixtureof molecules and/or dendritic cells of the present invention areadministered. The cell-lines; cell lysates, molecule, or mixture ofmolecules and/or dendritic cells are administered in a form as describedherein, supra, and may sensitise the immune system such that if cancer,tumourous diseases, infections and/or automimmune diseases arise withinthe body are being treated or prevented. See, for example, Immunology,at pp. 87-88; AMA Encyclopedia of Medicine at 573-574 and 1034; S. J.Cryz, Jr., in Immunotherapy and Vaccines, edited by Stanley J. Cryz, pp.3-11, VCH, Weinheim, Germany 1991. For an overview of the immune systemfrom a molecular perspective, see, for example, Mary S. Leffell, AnOverview of the Immune System: The Molecular Basis for Immune Responses,in Human Immunology Handbook pp. 1-45. Vaccination is also associatedwith immunization.

Immunization is a general term, and the term vaccination is used whenpatients are immunized. In general, immunization can be used as, apreventive or as a therapeutic treatment. The preventive use ofimmunization is a prophylactic treatment, whereas the use ofimmunization while the disease is in progress is immunotherapy.Immunization provides two types of acquired immunity, active andpassive. Immunotherapy is the treatment of a disease by immunization,active or passive, or by the use of agents that modify the actions oflymphocytes. In particular, immunotherapy refers to the stimulation ofthe immune system and conventionally uses a form of immunostimulant, asubstance that causes a general, non-specific, stimulation of the immunesystem. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine, p.576 (this encyclopedia will hereinafter be referred to as “AMAEncyclopedia of Medicine”).

In a method for inducing an immune response to treat or prevent cancerand/or tumourous diseases, the cell lines of the present inventionand/or cell lysates and/or molecule and/or mixture of molecules and/ordendritic cells according to the invention are provided, and aneffective amount of the cell lines; the cell lysates, the molecule, themixture of molecules, and/or the dendritic cells are injected at leastonce so as to permit release of biologically active quantities of theimmunostimulant over a period of time to induce an immune response tothe presence of active tumour cells.

An individual for the purposes of the present invention includes bothhumans and other animals, preferably vertebrates and more preferablymammals. Thus the methods are applicable to both human therapy andveterinary applications. In a preferred embodiment the individual is amammal, e.g. a mouse, and in a most preferred embodiment the individualis human.

The compounds described herein having the desired therapeutic orprophylactic activity may be administered in a physiologicallyacceptable carrier to a patient, as described herein. Depending upon themanner of introduction, the compounds may be formulated in a variety ofways as discussed below. The concentration of therapeutically activecompound in the formulation may vary from about 0.1-100 wt % However, itis also envisaged that the person skilled in the art is readily in aposition to determine the concentration of the therapeutically activecompound in the formulation by using his common general knowledge. Theagents maybe administered alone or in combination with other treatments,i.e., radiation, or other chemotherapeutic agents.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are in awater-soluble form, such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which ismeant to include both acid and base addition salts.

The administration of the candidate agents of the present invention canbe done in a variety of ways as discussed above, including, but notlimited to, orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intranasally,transdermally, intranodally, peritumour ally, intratumourally,intrarectally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonary,vaginally, rectally, or intraocularly.

The cells of the cell line, lysates, molecule, mixture of molecules ortherewith loaded or fused dendritic cells in form of a pharmaceutical orvaccine compositions can be administered to the subject at a suitabledose. Administration of the suitable compositions may be effected bydifferent ways, e.g., by intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous,intramuscular, topical, intradermal, intranasal, intranodal,intrarectal, peritumortal, intratumoral or intrabronchialadministration. The attending physician and clinical factors willdetermine the dosage regimen. As is well known in the medical arts,dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors, including thepatient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to beadministered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, andother drugs being administered concurrently. A typical dose of lysateoriginates from about 1000 to 10¹³ cells and the typical dose fordendritic cells is about 10⁴ to 10¹² cells, however, doses below andabove this exemplary range are envisaged. Preferably, the dose of lysateor molecules corresponds to amounts generated from cells numbers between10⁴ to 10¹² cells, more preferably between 10⁵ to 10¹¹ cells, morepreferably between 10⁶ to 10¹⁰ cells. Preferably, the dose for loadeddendritic cells is between 10⁵ to 10¹¹ cells, more preferably between10⁶ to 10⁹ cells. Amounts for molecules can vary between 0.1 μg and 10g. Doses can vary between individuals and can be split to multipleinjections at different sites and/or administration routes. Suitable andoptimal doses can be determined by those skilled in the art. The amountof cell lysate used for loading dendritic cells can be determined bythose skilled in the art, for example by those in vitro and or in vivoassays which are exemplary shown in the examples. Preferable amounts forlysates and molecules for loading dendritic cells originate from 10³ to10¹³ cells, more preamble from 10⁴ to 10¹² cells, more preferable from10⁵ to 10¹¹ cells, and more preferably from 10⁶ to 10¹⁰ cells.Generally, the regimen as a regular administration of the pharmaceuticalor vaccine composition should be in the range of 0.1 μg to 10 g per dosefor the lysates and molecules, preferably 50 to 100 mg, amounts forfractionated lysates can be correspondently lower but may reach the highamounts. The dosages are preferably given once a week, however, duringprogression of the treatment the dosages can be given in much longertime intervals and in need can be given in much shorter time intervals,e.g., daily. In a preferred case the immune response is monitored usingherein described methods and further methods known to those skilled inthe art and dosages are optimized, e.g., in time, amount and/orcomposition.

If the regimen is a continuous infusion, it should also be in the rangeof 1 μg to 10 mg per kilogram of body weight per minute, respectively.Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment. The cell lines, celllysates, molecules and/or dendritic cells of the invention may beadministered locally or systemically. Administration will preferably beparenterally, e.g., intravenously, intranodally, intra peritoneally,intra tumourally, peritumourally. Preparations for parenteraladministration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions,suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents arepropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil,and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriersinclude water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions,including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodiumchloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride,lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid andnutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based onRinger's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives mayalso be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants,chelating agents, and inert gases and the like.

It is also envisaged that the cells of the cell lines, lysates,molecules or loaded dendritic cells or compositions are employed inco-therapy approaches, i.e. in co-administration with other medicamentsor drugs, for example anti-cancer drugs. When vaccine therapy is carriedout using the cells of the cell lines, lysates, molecules or mixture ofmolecules or loaded or fused dendritic cells of the present invention,they may be administered only once. However, it is desirable to repeatthe administration to the same site of a body to achieve coexistence ofa tumour antigen and a cytokine or a cytokine-inducing agent as long aspossible. For example, both components may preferably coexist for 3hours or more so that inflammatory reaction at the site ofadministration can be induced and conditions can be achieved whereinimmune cells are concentrated and cells are kept at the site. Whencells, a cell lysate, molecules or loaded or fused dendritic cells ofinvention are administered without adjuvant, an adjuvant may beadministered to the same or distant site. Generally, the vaccine can beadministered to a patient bearing a tumour that contains, from aviewpoint of pathological diagnosis, the same or relative species of oneor several tumour antigens as that contained in the pharmaceutical orvaccine composition or it can even be use in cases where no sharedtumour antigens occur. The latter case may use bystander immunologicaleffects including for example alloresponses. The site to be administeredis not particularly limited and can be for example orally,subcutaneously, intravenously, intranasally, transdermally,intranodally, peritumourally, intratumourally, intrarectally,intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonary, vaginally, rectally,or intraocularly. The dose and administration period of the tumourvaccine of the present invention are not particularly limited. It isdesirable to determine an appropriate dose and administration period byobserving effects of the vaccine therapy. The administration can bemade, for example, by injections and the like.

The invention also relates to the use of one or more cell lines, thelysate, a molecule or a mixture of molecules obtained therefrom ordendritic cells loaded or fused therewith according to the invention forthe preparation of a vaccine or pharmaceutical composition for thetreatment or prevention of cancer and/or tumourous diseases.

The term “cancer and/or tumourus diseases” preferentially relates tosuch cancers or tumourous diseases which are characterized by tumourcells which express either TF, MUC1, preferably TA-MUC1, Tn and/or LeXon the cell surface. As described above tumours which have at least oneof those antigens are preferred. Most preferred are those which have atleast two of those antigens shared and more preferred those with threeand even more those with all of the above described antigens. However,also tumours or tumour of an individual can be successfully treatedwhere non of those above mentioned antigens are shared due to theallogeneic nature of the approach and the therewith connected strongalloresponse which may enable the breaking of tolerances and anergies aswell as the lack of immunoinhibitory features of the MUC1 (TA-MUC1) onthe cell lines. In a preferred embodiment the cancer or tumourousdisease to be treated or prevented is a cancer/tumourous disease of thehead and neck, lung, mediastinum, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinarysystem, gynaecological system, breast, endocrine system, skin,childhood, unknown primary site or metastatic cancer, a sarcoma of thesoft tissue and bone, a mesothelioma, a melanoma, a neoplasm of thecentral nervous system, a lymphoma, a leukaemia, a paraneoplasticsyndrome, a peritoneal carcinomastosis, a immunosuppression-relatedmalignancy and/or metastatic cancer. More preferred are the carcinomaindications included above. However, said cancer/tumourous disease mayalso be selected from those mentioned hereinabove in connection with theprocess according to the invention.

In view of the in vivo and in vitro results of the examples of thepresent invention it is expected that the invention provides anadvantageous cancer and/or tumourous disease vaccine. Recognizedpreclinical studies showed that the cell lines of the invention can beused in order to induce a specific cellular and humoral immune response.Human specific cytotoxic and helper T cells could be induced. Specifichuman and murine antibodies, IgM and IgG, against TF, Tn, MUC1 and AGPA,could be induced in mice as well as in NOD-SCID mice with areconstituted human immune system showing the potency, specificity ofthe approach including anti-carbohydrate immune responses including Tcell responses

The Figures show:

FIG. 1 Immuncytochemical analysis of antigen expression in NM-F9 andK562-wt cells. K562 cells were selected for TF expression and subclonedfor stabilization of TF expression. One representative subclone (NM-F9)and the original K562 wild type (wt) cells were stained with A78-G/A7(anti-TF), HB-Tn 1 (anti-Tn), A83-C/B12 (anti-GPA), A63-C/A9 (anti-AGPA)and PankoMab (anti-MUC1) and analysed by immunfluorescence microscopy.

FIG. 2 Cell surface expression of antigens on and K562-wt cells. K562-wtand NM-F9 cells were stained with A78-G/A7 (anti-TF), HB1-Tn (anti-Tn),HB1-sTn (anti-sTn), A83-C/B12 (anti-GPA), A63-C/A9 (anti-AGPA), PankoMab(anti-MUC1), anti-CD15 (anti-Lewis^(x)) and anti-sialyl-Lewis^(x). Cellswere analysed by flow cytometry. Additionally cells were sialidasetreated and analysed for AGPA (A63-C/A9) and TF(A78-G/A7) expression.

FIG. 3: Reduced sialylation on NM-F9 cells compared with wild typecells. A, Sialic acids glycosidic bound in alpha 2-3 and 2-6 on membraneproteins and lipids are stained preferentially by the lectins MAA andSNA, respectively. The lectin PNA binds preferentially the TFcarbohydrate and not the sialylated TF (product information from VectorLaboratories). Staining was analysed by flow cytometry. B, In membranefractions of NM-F9 and K562-wt cells the sialic acid content wasdetermined using the thiobarbiture acid assay.

FIG. 4 Glycophorin A carries the TF-antigen in NM-F9 cells. Membranelysates of K562-wt and NM-F9 cells were separated by a 12% SDSpolyacrylamide gel and blotted onto a membrane. TF (A) and AGPA (B) weredetected by staining with mAb A78-G/A7 and mAb A63-C/A9, respectively.GPA and AGPA isolated from erythrocytes typically migrate in SDS-PAGE asmonomer and multimers (Pahlsson et al. 1994). GPA and BSA were used asnegative and AGPA as positive control for staining with both antibodies.The A78-G/A7 positive protein (A) that comigrated with the single majorC/A9 positive protein (B) was marked by an asterix.

FIG. 5 Stimulation of T-cell proliferation with NM-F9 cell lysates.Differentiated and matured, irradiated human dendritic cells (DC)derived from peripheral blood monocytes or CD4+, CD8+ and total T-cellsisolated from human PBMC were analysed for cell proliferation separatelyor after cocultivation. Only a marginal level of T-cell proliferationwas observed except for cocultivated DC and CD4+ T-cells which resultedin T-cell proliferation probably due to a mixed lymphocyte reaction.However, when DC were loaded with the NM-F9 cell lysate prior tococultivation with the three T-cell population, respectively, increasedT-cell proliferation could be determined. For loading of the DC tworatios of K562 cell lysate to DC, 1:1 and 0.1:1, were tested. Bothratios were effective in stimulating T-cell proliferation; the 1:1turned out to be more effective for CD4+ and total T-cell proliferation,while the 1:0.1 ratio seems to be more effective for CD8+ T-cellproliferation. T-cell proliferation was analysed by the BrdU assay.

FIG. 6 Activation of naïve CD8+ cells against MUC1 and AGPA with NM-F9cell lysates. Immature NMDC11 were loaded with lysate from NM-F9 andfurther maturated to functional dendritic cells m-NMDC11 which presentprocessed antigens. Loaded M-NMDC11 were incubated with CTL from a A2+donor. T cells were restimulated once by m-NMDC11 loaded with NM-F9lysate, MUC1 A2 peptide and AGPA, non-loaded m-NMDC11 were usedcontrols. ELISPOT analysis measuring the INFa secretion was performed.

FIG. 7 NM-F9 cells are more efficiently lysed by natural killer cellsthan K562 wild type cells. NK cells were selected from PBMC andco-cultivated with NM-F9 or K562 wt as target cells in the indicatedratio.

The Examples illustrate the invention:

EXAMPLE 1 Cultivation of K562, NM-F9 and NM-D4 Cells

K562, NM-F9 and NM-D4 were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10%FCS and 2 mM glutamine and grown at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of6%, preferably of 8% CO₂.

EXAMPLE 2 Mutagenesis/Screening

A) Methods

A-1) Mutagenesis

Per sample K562 cells were washed in PBS and seeded at 10⁶ cells per mlcell culture medium supplemented with EMS (0.1 mg/ml, ethylmethanesulfonate, Sigma-Aldrich) overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Cellswere washed and provided with fresh medium. Every second day cellvitality was determined by trypan blue staining and cells were analysedby immunocytochemical staining.

A-2) TF-selection: K562 cells were washed in B-PBS (0.5% BSA in PBS),incubated with 50 μl of supernatant of hybridoma cultures of mAbA78-G/A7 or PankoMab and 950 μl B-PBS at 4° C. for 30 min. After washingthe procedure was repeated with 50 μl rat-anti-mouse-IgM-antibody orrat-anti-mouse-IgG-antibody conjugated with MicroBeads (Miltenyi Biotec,Köln, Germany). After washing the magnetically labelled TF-positive K562cells were separated by two successive columns provided by Miltenyi(Köln, Ger) as described in the manufacturers manual. Following 9 daysof cultivation, the isolation procedure was repeated in total threetimes. Finally, the isolated TF-positive K562 cells were cloned bylimited dilution in 96-well plates (1 cell/100 μl).A-3) MUC1-selection: As TF-selection with the exception that PankoMaband rat-anti-mouse-IgG-antibody conjugated with MicroBeads (MiltenyiBiotec, Köln, Germany) was used.A-4) FACS Analysis (Flow Cytometry)

Antibody staining: About 3×10⁵ cells were incubated at 4° C. for 1.5 hwith primary mAb (hybridoma culture supernatants of A78-G/A7 (IgM),PankoMab (IgG1), all diluted 1:2 in cell culture medium) followed by thesecondary Cy3-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM or IgG antibody 1:200 inPBS at 4° C. for 30 min and washed again. Resuspended cells (200 μl PBS)were investigated by flow cytometry (flow cytometer: Coulter Epics,Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Ger).

Quantitative analyses were carried out using the Expo32 software (BectonCoulter) with following parameter for antibody labelled cells: forwardscatter (FS): 26 V, gain 1, sideward scatter (SS): 807 V, gain 5, FL2:740 V, gain 1, and following parameter for lectin labelled cells: FS: 26V, gain 1, SS: 807 V, gain 5, FL1:740 V, gain 1).

B) Results

B-1) Glycoengineering of K562 Cells

K562 wt cells were treated with EMS and used as non-treated cells andtreated cells. TF-positive cells were selected using the TF-specific mAbA78-G/A7 coupled to magneto-beads (FIG. 1B: cells before separation).After three rounds of isolation a K562 cell population of 93%TF-positive cells was received. However, the percentage of TF-positiveK562 cells decreased over time reaching a bottom level of about 20%TF-positive cells 14 days following the isolation procedure. For stableexpression of the TF-positive phenotype K562 cells were isolated for aforth time and cloned thereafter by limited dilution. Among thirty K562cell clones that were obtained thirteen cell clones expressed highamounts of the TF antigen and from these eight cell clones displayed ahomogenous TF expression on the cell surface of the whole cellpopulation (FIG. 1A). These cell clones stably expressed the TF antigenuntil now (about 12 month). Analysis by flow cytometry revealedapproximately an 31-fold increase of the TF expression level for NM-F9cells (FIG. 2) reflecting the strong expression of TF on this clone,also reflected by a subtractive mean in FACs analysis of about 48, whichwas chosen for further characterization. The necessity for cloning inorder to obtain a stable TF-positive cell population is due to a higherproliferation rate of TF-negative cells which hence overgrow TF-positiveclones over time, e.g. NM-F9 has a slower doubling rate than theTF-negative clone H9.

For the generation of a TF-positive clone which expresses more of thetumour-specific MUC1 epitope TA-MUC1, F9 cells were treated, selectedand single cell cloned as described above using PankoMab for selection.The stable clone D4 was selected for further characterization due to itsincreased PankoMab staining in flow cytometry.

EXAMPLE 3 Characterization of the Cell Lines

A) Methods

A-1) Immunocytochemistry

About 5×10⁴ cells/well were applied on multitest slides (Roth GmbH) andsedimented for 30 min at 37° C. plus 60 min at room temperature. Aftercareful removal of the supernatant cells were dried and frozenovernight. The immunostaining was carried out as already described (19):Briefly, cells were fixed by 5% formaldehyde, washed with PBS, andincubated with hybridoma culture supernatants of the primary mAbs:A78-G/A7 (1:5), mAb A83-C/B12 (1:5), mAb A63-C/A9 (1:5), mAb PankoMab(1:5), or mAb HB-Tn1 (1:50) overnight at 4° C. After washing cells wereincubated with the secondary antibody Cy₃-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM(μ-chain specific) or IgG (Fc γ-fragment specific, 1:100 in PBS) for 30min at 4° C. MAbs of different isotypes (mouse IgG1χ MOPC 21 and IgMχTEPC 183) were used as negative controls. Multitest slides were coveredwith Mowiol mounting medium (10 M glycerol, 40% Mowiol 4-88(Calbiochem), 0.2 M Tris buffer pH 8.5, 0.1% diazobicyclo-octane).Cy3-stained cells were visualized by fluorescence microscope Axioplan 2(Zeiss, Oberkochem Ger) and pictures documented by using softwareAxiovision 3.1.

A-2) Flow Cytometry (FACS)

Antibody staining: About 3×10⁵ cells were incubated at 4° C. for 1.5 hwith primary mAb (hybridoma culture supernatants of A78-G/A7, A83-C/B12,A63-C/A9, PankoMab, all diluted 1:2, or mAb HB-Tn1 and anti-CD15 diluted1:20, or anti-Sialyl-Lewis^(x) diluted 1:100 in cell culture medium)followed by the secondary Cy3-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM or IgGantibody 1:200 in PBS at 4° C. for 30 min and washed again. Resuspendedcells (200 μl PBS) were investigated by flow cytometry (flow cytometer:Coulter Epics, Beckman Coulter, Kreefeld, Ger).

Lectin staining: After washing twice with PBS and once with HBSS with 4%BSA (Hanks' Balanced Salt) cells were incubated with FITC-conjugated PNA(1:400), FITC-conjugated SNA (1:50), or FITC-conjugated MAA (1:50) inHBSS/4% BSA at 4° C. for 1 h. After washing cell pellets wereresuspended in 200 μl HBSS/4% BSA for analysis.

Quantitative analyses were carried out using the Expo32 software(Beckman Coulter) with following parameter for antibody labelled cells:forward scatter (FS): 26 V, gain 1, sideward scatter (SS): 807 V, gain5, FL2: 740 V, gain 1, and following parameter for lectin labelledcells: FS: 26 V, gain 1, SS: 807 V, gain 5, FL1:740 V, gain 1).

A-3) Scatchard Analysis

PankoMab was chelated with p-SCN-Benzyl-DTPA and radiolabelled with¹¹¹In according to Nikula et al. (T. K. Nikula, M: J: Curcio, M. W.Brechbiel, O. A. Gansow, R. D. Finn, D. A. Scheinberg Nucl. Med. Biol.22(3), 387-390 (1995). Labelling was done with carrier-free ¹¹¹In tospecific activities of 7-37 MBq/mg. Binding assay was performed induplicates with 1×10⁶ cells of K562, NM-D4 and NM-F9 in 1.5 ml Eppendorftubes and increasing serial dilutions of labelled antibody (320 ng-5 ng)in a total volume of 200 μl PBS supplemented with 1% BSA to avoidnon-specific binding. Cells were incubated for 1 hour at 4-8° C.,separated from unbound antibody by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 3minutes and washed 2 times with 200 μl PBS/1% BSA. Cell boundradioactivity was quantified in a gamma-counter. Comparability ofimmunoreactivity of labelled and unmodified PankoMab was confirmed bycompetition of ¹¹¹In-PankoMab with Pankomab using the same experimentalprotocol. 5 ng ¹¹¹In-PankoMab was added to increasing amounts ofPankoMab and incubated with the cells. PankoMab binding affinitiy andcapacity were calculated for each individual experiment by scatchardanalysis.

A-4) Generation of Membrane Lysate

Membrane lysates were generated as already described (Vachon L. Costa T.and Hetz A. GTPase and adenylat cyclase desensitise at different ratesin NG108-15 cells. Mol. Pharmacol., 31, 159-168 (1987)) with followingmodifications: 2.2×10⁸ cells were lysed by freeze/thawing in liquidnitrogen for 3 times. After addition of 7.5 ml hypotonic buffer (5 mMTris/HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl₂, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, 250 μmolPMSF) the resuspended cell sediment was centrifuged at 1000×g for 10 minat 4° C. The pellet was resuspended and centrifuged again at 1000×g for10 min at 4° C. Supernatants of both centrifugation steps were combinedand membrane isolation was carried out by centrifugation at 25000×g for20 min at 4° C. The pellet was resuspended in 5 ml homogenization buffer(50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl₂, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, 250μmol PMSF) and centrifuged again at 25000×g for 20 min at 4° C.Asialoglycophorin A was isolated from the homogenized membranes asalready described before (Pahlsson P, Douglas P, Blackall M. U.,Biochemical, charakterization of the O-glycans on recombinantglycophorin A expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, GlycoconjugateJournal 11: 43-50, (1994)) using nonidet-lysis buffer. The resultingclarified lysate was used for immunoblot analyses.

A-5) Immunoblot Analyses

Membrane lysates were boiled in Laemmli SDS-PAGE buffer, separated bySDS-PAGE (12%) and transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane as describedelsewhere (Goletz S, Hanisch F G, Karsten U. Novel alphaGaINAccontaining glycans on cytokeratins are recognized invitro by galectinswith type II carbohydrate recognition domains. J Cell Sci 1997 July; 110(Pt 14):1585-96). Membranes were blocked with 3% BSA in TBS/0.1% Tweenand incubated with the primary mAb A78-G/A7 (1:5) or A63-C/A9 (1:5)overnight and alkaline peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody (goatanti-mouse IgM, μ-chain-specific (1:5000)) at 37° C. for 1 h. Stainingwas performed using NBT and BCIP detection as in (Goletz S, Hanisch F G,Karsten U. Novel alphaGaINAc containing glycans on cytokeratins arerecognized invitro by galectins with type II carbohydrate recognitiondomains. J Cell Sci 1997 July; 110 (Pt 14):1585-96)).

A-6) ELISA

ELISA 1: 96-well microtiter plates were coated with purified mAbPankoMab (0.1 μg/well; IgG1) overnight at 4° C. in PBS. Blocking of thewells was performed with 5% BSA and washing steps with 0.1% Tween 20 inPBS. In successive incubation steps cellular supernatant (before andafter treatment with sialidase, as described above) was added first,then supernatants of mAb A78-G/A7 (1:200, IgM) or mAb clone HB-Tn1(1:1000, IgM), and followed by peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouseIgM-antibody, μ-chain-specific (1:5000). All incubation steps wereperformed for 1.5 h at room temperature and combined with intensivewashing steps in between. The TF-positive or Tn-positive MUC1antigen-antibody-complexes were stained by o-phenylendiamin as describedin (Goletz S, Hanisch F G, Karsten U. Novel alphaGalNAc containingglycans on cytokeratins are recognized invitro by galectins with type IIcarbohydrate recognition domains. J Cell Sci 1997 July; 110 (Pt14):1585-96)) and detected by ELISA-reader dual at 492 nm/620 nm(ELISA-Reader, Dynax Technologies, Philadelphia, USA).

ELISA 2: as ELISA 1, except: 96 well flat bottom plates (TPP,Trasadingen, Switzerland) were coated with 0.1 μg/well TF-PAA, Tn-PAA,or AGPA, or MUC1 purified from supernatants of NM-F9 cells (1:40;optimal MUC1 dilution was determined with anti-MUC1-antibody A76-A/C7,preferably, however with PankoMab), each diluted in PBS. Mice sera wereincubated for 2 h. PankoMab (1:500), A78-G/A7 (1:500) and Tn-HB1 (1:500)were used as positive controls. For negative control the mice serum wasreplaced by medium. Peroxidase-labelled rabbit anti-mouse IgG or for thepositive controls anti-mouse IgM (1:5000) were used as secondaryreagent.

ELISA 3: as ELISA 2, except that the POD-labelled anti-human IgGantibody was used and diluted 1:10,000.

A-7) Determination of Membrane Glycoconjugate-Bound Sialic Acids

Isolation of membrane glycoconjugate-bound sialic acids was performed asalready described (Mantey L. R., Keppler O. T., Pawlita M., Reutter W.,Hinderlich S. Efficient biochemical engineering of cellular sialic acidsusing an unphysiological sialic acid precursor in cells lackingUDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase. FEBS Letters 503: 80-84 (2001)) bylysing 10⁷ cells in lysis buffer in combination with needle sheering.After centrifugation pellets were resuspended and hydrolyzed in aceticacid. Determination of membrane glycoconjugate-bound sialic acid wasperformed by thiobarbituric acid method (Aminoff D. Methods for thequantitative estimation of N-acetylneuraminic acid and their applicationto hydrolysates of sialomucoids. Biochem. Journal 81: 384-392 (1961)).

B) Results

B-1) Cell Surface Expression of TF and TF-Bearing Proteins

B-2) Characteriztion of NM-F9 and NM-D4

TF which is absent on K562 is strongly and stably expressed on NM-F9 andNM-D4 as shown by binding of the TF specific antibodies A78-G/A7,Nemod-TF1 and Nemod-TF2. Neuramidase treatment of strongly TF-positiveNM-F9 reveals that sialylation is largely reduced but some TF is stillsialylated (FIG. 2). The latter fact is depending on media conditions.

NM-F9: Beside the very strong expression of TF, Tn and Sialyl-Tn, whichare both weakly expressed in K562 wt (K562 wild type; equals K562 asobtained from DSMZ), are up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively.(FIGS. 1A-D and FIG. 2) To determine whether increased carrier proteinexpression was in part responsible for these changes in TF expression,the expression of glycophorin A (GPA) and MUC1, major known carriers forTF, were analysed. Clearly, no different expression level was seen forMUC1 and only a minor increase in GPA (FIG. 1E, F, I, J and FIG. 2). Incontrast, the binding of the antibody A63-C/A9, which recognizesglycophorin A only if glycosylated with TF at a certain site thereforeacting as a marker for asialoglycophorin A (AGPA), the TF glycosylatedversion of GPA, is very strong on NM-F9 and is not above background inK562 wt (FIG. 1G, H). These results indicate that the increased TFexpression on NM-F9 is caused by a strongly reduced ability of the cellto sialylate which is supported by the binding studies with the lectinsSNA, PNA and MAA (FIG. 3A) and the determination of the sialic acidcontent in the membrane fraction of K562 wt and NM-F9 cells (FIG. 3B).Lectin staining with MAA and SNA revealed that the total amount of α2-3-and 2-6-linked sialic acids on membrane proteins and lipids was aboutfive-fold and two-fold, respectively, lower in NM-F9 cells (FIG. 3A).Binding of the sialylation-sensitive lectin PNA which preferentiallybinds to TF but also other desialylated terminal galactose residuesincreased about 33-fold in NM-F9 (FIG. 3A). Finally, the chemicallydetermined content of sialic acids in the cell membrane was almostthree-fold reduced in NM-F9 (FIG. 3B).

Interestingly, Le^(x), a complex carbohydrate tumour marker on N- andO-glycans, was present on K562-wt cells (i.e. K562 wildtype cells as forexample provided by the DSMZ) but its synthesis was strongly induced inNM-F9 cells (FIG. 2). However, the sialylated form of Le^(x) (s-Le^(x)),as well as other Lewis carbohydrate antigens (i.e. Le^(a), s-Le^(a),Le^(y)), were absent in K562-wt and NM-F9 cells. UEAI, which detectsterminal fucose in various linkages including fucose on Le^(x) andsLe^(x), did only weakly bind to K562 wt but strongly to NM-F9. Thisassumes that the increased Le^(x) is generated by an up-regulation offucosylation which was not further investigated.

NM-D4: The clone NM-D4 has similar properties as NM-F9. They show a verysimilar expression of, for example TF and Le^(x) (very strong), GPA(strong), and Sialyl-Tn and sLe^(x) (very low or lacking). Differencesare seen in a strong increase in TA-MUC1 and some decrease in Tn and theA63-C/A9 epitope, whereby the latter is still strongly expressed onNM-D4. In order to see if the number of TA-MUC1 epitopes on membranebound MUC1 are increased, the number of binding sites of PankoMab onK562 wt, NM-F9 and NM-D4 and the affinity of the binding was determinedby Scatchard analysis using radiolabelled ¹¹¹In-PankoMab (table 1).Scatchard analysis allows the determination of the maximum number ofantibody molecules bound per cell and the apparent association constantof the binding reaction. Plotting the ratio of specifically bound andfree antibody against the concentration of specifically bound antibodyreveals a straight line. The binding capacity per cell was calculatedfrom the intercept value at the abscissa and the association constantfrom the slope of the line. Surprisingly, the number of binding sites ofPankoMab was not elevated in NM-F9 or NM-D4. On the contrary, NM-D4 andNM-F9 have about 60-65% of the number of binding sites as K562 wt.However, the affinity of the interaction between PankoMab and the cellswas changed. While PankoMab recognizes MUC1 on NM-F9 with only a slightincrease in affinity, MUC1 on NM-D4 is recognized with a 5 timesincreased affinity compared to MUC1 on K562 wt. This reflects that thealtered truncated glycosylation leads to a better accessibility and/orfolding of the complex carbohydrate-induced conformational tumourepitope of MUC1 (TA-MUC1) which is more prevalent in NM-D4 than inNM-F9. These determinations also show that MUC1, including TA-MUC1 ispresent on NM-F9, NM-D4 and K562 wt with an amount of antibody bindingsites between about 1-1.5*10⁵, which is not low and contradicts the non-or hardly detectable amounts of MUC1 on K562 wt reported earlier (ZhangK, Sikut R, Hansson G C. A MUC1 mucin secreted from a colon carcinomacell line inhibits target cell lysis by natural killer cells. CellularImmunology, 1997; 176:158-165).

B-3) Identification of TF-Glycosylated Proteins

Asialoglycophorin A: The binding of A63-C/A9 shows that TF is present onGPA. A63-C/A9 recognizes specifically a mixed carbohydrate-peptideepitope of a certain TF on the extracellular portion of GPA (data notshown, manuscript in preparation). The 12-fold increased binding ofA63-C/A9 on NM-F9 (FIG. 1G, H and FIG. 2) and its only very slightincrease in binding after treatment of the cells with neuraminidase(FIG. 2) assumes that GPA of NM-F9 is almost free of sialic acids andmost of the 15 TF groups exposed resembling asialoglycophorin A (AGPA).This was confirmed by Western blot analyses of membrane lysates where,in contrast to K562 wt cells, many membrane-bound TF-positive proteinscould be detected in NM-F9 cells by A76-G/A7 staining (FIG. 4A),including GPA via comigration with a single major protein that could bestained with A63-C/A9 (FIG. 4B). The electrophoretic mobility of theA63-C/A9-positive protein resembled that of the desialylated monomer ofAGPA generated from erythrocytes with an apparent and theoreticalmolecular weight of 24 kDa.

Secretory MUC1: MUC1 is not only expressed on the cell surface but alsosecreted into the cell culture supernatant (table 2). Secretory MUC1from NM-F9 and NM-D4 is positive for TF whereby MUC1 from NM-D4 carriesmore TF than from NM-F9. MUC1 from K562 wt is negative and can onlyreach a TF level comparable to NM-F9 after neuramidase treatment. Incontrast, MUC1 secreted by ZR75—1 cells, which are known to secrete highamounts of MUC1, is TF-negative and even when treated with neuraminidaseonly low amounts of TF-positive MUC1 could be detected, although ZR75-1cells are TF-positive even without neuraminidase treatment (results notshown). The MUC1 from NM-D4, caught by the glycosylation independentHMFG-1, shows also an increased PankoMab binding compared to K562 wt andNM-F9 (table 2).

EXAMPLE 4 Stimulation of Immune Reactions In Vitro and In Vivo

A) Methods:

A-1) T Cell Proliferation Assay

Immature human dendritic cells were prepared by differentiation ofmonocytes (hmoDC) using the method of Romani (Romani N, Gruner S, BrangD, Kampgen E, Lenz A, Trockenbacher B, Konwalinka G, Fritsch P O,Steinman R M, Schuler G. Proliferating dendritic cell progenitors inhuman blood. Journal of Experimental Medicine 180: 83-93 (1994)).Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood ofhealthy human donor by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Adherent cellswhich adhere on plastic were cultured for 6 days in RPMI-1640, 10% FCS,1000 U/ml GM-CSF (Leukomax; Novatis Pharma GmbH, Nurnberg, Ger), 2.5ng/ml TNFα and 1000 U/ml IL-4 (both PreproTech EC, London, UK). Theimmature DC (10⁶ cells/sample) were incubated 1:1 overnight with tumourcell lysates, which were obtained from 5×10⁶ K562-F9 cells incubated at46° C. for 22 h prior to freeze/thaw-lysis in liquid nitrogen. Afterwashing the dendritic cells with sterile PBS and 75 ng/ml TNFα wereadded. After 2 days the mature hmoDC became CD14−, CD1a+, CD80hi,CD86hi, CD40hi, MHCllhi, CD83hi, DC-Sign+ (flow cytometry usingaccording antibodies at 1:20 in PBS, suffix: −=no expression, hi=highexpression, +=positive expression). Prior to T cell sensitisation, theantigen loaded hmoDC were irradiated with 30 Gy.

T-cells were isolated from the non-adherent fraction of PBMC of healthyHLA-A2 positive donor by a column of nylon wool (Polysciences Inc.,Eppelheim, Ger). Alternativaly, CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells were isolated fromPBMC by CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell-MACS-Isolationkits according tomanufacturer's specifications (Miltenyi). Total T-cells, CD4+ or CD8+T-cells were incubated in serum-free media (AIM-V medium) with maturehmoDC loaded 1:1 with cell lysate. The ratio of responder to stimulator(T-cell:DC) was 10:1. After overnight incubation 10 U/ml IL-2, 1.5 U/mlIL-1β and 5 ng/ml IL-7 were added. After incubation for four daysT-cells were restimulated by mature hmoDC loaded with cell lysate.T-cell proliferation was analysed by the BrdU assay.

BrdU was incorporated into proliferating T-cells according tomanufacturers protocol (Roche Diagnostik GmbH, Mannheim, Ger). Afterfixing, the cells were incubated with POD-labelled anti-BrdU-antibody.The subsequent staining reaction was stopped by 1 M sulfuric acid.Detection of antibody labelling was achieved by photometry at an opticaldensity of 450 nm (Ref. 690 nm).

A-2) Activation of Naïve CD8+ Cells Against MUC1 and AGPA with NM-F9Cell Lysates

Immature NMDC11 are optimized MUTZ-3 derived cells which are fullyfunctional human dendritic cells displaying features as described inPCT/EP02/09260 in the immature state. Immature NMDC11 are generated andfurther matured as described for MUTZ-3 in PCT/EP02/09260. MUTZ-3 canalso be used in these assays albeit with a lower effectivity. ImmatureNMDC11 were loaded with lysates from F9 and further maturated tofunctional dendritic cells m-NMDC11 which present processed antigens.Loaded M-NMDC11 were incubated with CTL from a A2+donor. T cells wererestimulated once by m-NMDC11 loaded with F9 lysate, MUC1 A2 peptide andAGPA, non-loaded m-NMDC11 were used controls. ELISPOT analysis measuringthe INFgamma secretion was performed.

A-3) Vaccination of NMRI and NOD/SCID Mice

NMRI mice were immunized and boostered 2 weeks later subcutaneously withlysates of temperature-treated K562 cells (5×10⁶ cells/mouse) andincomplete Freund's adjuvant. One day before immunization and 9 and 27days after immunization mice were bled to analyze the serum for TF-,Tn-, MUC1 and asialoglycophorin A antibodies by ELISA 2.

A human immune system is established by intraperitoneal application ofhuman peripheral blood lymphocytes into NOD-SCID mice irradiated one dayearlier (PBL, standard preparation, 5×10⁷ cell/mouse). 2-4 h afterapplication of PBL, mice were immunized subcutaneously and boostered asdescribed aboved. Cell lysates of Mel624 cells (5×10⁶ cells/mouse) wereused as negative control. For analysis of the sera, mice were bled atdays 13 and 28 after the first immunization. The analyzes were carriedout by ELISA 3.

B) Results:

B-1) Induction of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses

In order to investigate the potential of NM-F9 lysates to inducecellular and humoral immune responses following assays were performed:It could be shown in vitro that T-cell proliferation was induced whencocultivated with mature monocyte derived DC loaded with NM-F9 celllysates (FIG. 5). The DC were loaded with the lysate in the immaturestate and further maturated which leads to antigen uptake, processingand presentation in the context of MHC class I and II molecules onmature DC (hmoDC). This immunogenic effect of NM-F9 cell lysates wasobserved for total T-cells, CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+T-cells.

MUC1 obtained from NM-D4 by purification from the supernatant usingPankoMab for immunopurification did not show an immunoinhibitory effecton the T cell proliferation measured by BrdU-Assay in an experimentwhich was performed similar as the experiment in PCT/EP03/08014 example5B) but using MUC1 purified from NM-D4.

Activation of specific naïve cytotoxic T cells against MUC1 and AGPAwere tested with functional mature human dendritic cells m-NMDC11 loadedwith NM-F9 lysates in the prime reaction and restimulation with m-NMDC11loaded with a MUC1 A2 peptide and AGPA protein respectively, showingthat naïve CTL can be activated against these antigens using NM-F9 (FIG.6).

Induction of an antibody response towards the several antigens wastested in NMRI mice and in NOD/SCID mice reconstituted with human PBMCthat were vaccinated with NM-F9 cell lysates. An antibody response inform of murine and human IgG (table 3) could be observed against TF, Tn,MUC1 and AGPA in NMRI and reconstituted NOD-SCID, respectively. Theinduction of an IgG response indicates a switch of antibody classassociated with a T helper cell immune response as well as induction ofmemory immune responses against the above antigens.

EXAMPLE 5 NM-F9 Cells are More Sensitive to Cell Lysis by Natural KillerCells than the K562 Wild Type Cells

K562 cells are well-known target cells for cell lysis by natural killer(NK) cells. Although this phenomenon is described in many publicationsthe molecular mechanism(s) and targets on K562 cells remain still to beelucidated (Voshol et al. Glycobiology 1993). The effect ofglycostructures, e.g. sialic acids, on the surface of K562 cells ontocell lysis by NK cells is discussed very controversly (Voshol et al.Glycobiology 1993). In a very early publication (Werkmeister et al. Int.J. Cancer 1983) the authors described an increase in NK cell sensitivityof K562 cells when treated with neuraminidase which eliminates sialicacids on the cell surface. This observation could not be confirmed byothers in similar assays (Dall'Olio et al. Glycobiology 1997, el Ouagariet al. J. Biol. Chem. 1995). On the contrary, by addition of sialicacids conjugated to various carriers lysis of K562 cells was inhibited(Van Rinsum et al. Int. J. Cancer 1986) suggesting that the presence ofsialic acids is a prerequisite for cell lysis. Moreover, in two veryrecent publications (Ohyama et al. Embo J. 1999; Ohyama et al. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 2002) it was shown that hypersialylated cells arebetter target cells for NK cell lysis than hyposialylated cells. Theauthors identified the sialylated form of the Lewis X antigen (sLe^(x))as carbohydrate on target cell that is recognized by CD94 on NK cellsmediating the NK cell sensitivity. Cell lysis is inhibited in presenceof anti-sLe^(x) antibodies but not in presence of antibodies recognizingLe^(x) (the unsialylated form of the Lewis antigen).

With NM-F9 and -D4 cells we have two cell clones at hand that differfrom K562 wild type cells by a very low degree of sialylation on thecell surface. To elucidate whether these differences in phenotype resultin changed biological activities, we performed cytotoxicity assays withNK cells and NM-F9 as well as K562 wild type cells as target cells.

About 8×10⁶ NK cells were isolated from 2×10⁸ peripher blood monocytes(PBMC) by using anti-CD3 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany) accordingto the manufacturer and additional cultivation overnight to eliminatethe adherent monocytes. Next day, the presence of NK cells was confirmedby co-staining of the cells with PE-conjugated anti-CD56 andFITC-conjugated anti-CD16 antibodies and analysis by flow cytometrie(Coulter Epics, Beckman/Coulter). Immunostaining of cells for flowcytometry was described above. Analysis of NK cells by flow cytometrywas performed with a forward scatter of 55 volt and gain 2, a sidewardscatter of 400 volt and gain 20, in the FL1 channel (FITC, 650 volt,gain 1) and the FL2 channel (PE, 750 volt, gain 1) and a FL1-FL2compensation of 3.8 and a FL2-FL1 compensation of 3.4. Usually, about20% of the isolated cells were CD56+, CD16+ NK cells.

To analyse cytotoxicity of the NK cells an Europium release assay wasperformed as described earlier (Blomberg et al. J. Immunol. Methods1986). Briefly, about 5×10⁶ vital target cells were washed once with icecold RPMI medium (RPMI 1640 with 5% fetal calf serum) and thereafterresuspended in 800 μl of an Europium buffer (pH 7.4) containing 50 mMHEPES, 93 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM DTPA (Fluka, Germany), 2mM Europium-III-acetat (Aldrich-Sigma, Germany). To transfer Europium³⁺ions into the target cells all the resuspended cells were electroporated(Multiporator, Eppendorf, Germany) in a 4 mm cuvette with one puls of 30μs and 710 volt. Before and after electroporation cells are kept on icefor 6-10 min. Thereafter the cells are washed again for five times inthe above mentioned ice cold cell culture medium and finally resuspendedin cell culture medium (RPMI 1640, 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM Glutamine)at a cell titer of 10⁵ cell per ml. For the cytotoxicity reaction 10⁴target cells (100 μl) are given into a round-bottom-microtiterplate andincubated for 4 h at 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator with NK cells at theindicated target:effector ratio or for control without NK cells.Therafter, cells are spinned down (400×g, 5 min) and 20 μl of the cellculture supernatant is added to an enhancement solution (Perkin-Elmer,Germany) provided in a microtiterplate with flat bottom. Following 15min of incubation at room temperature the release of Eu³⁺ ions isdetected in a time resolved fluorescence reader (Vector 2,Perkin-Elmer).

To determine the percentage of specific target cell lysis the percentageof specific Eu³⁺ release is calculated as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{\%\mspace{11mu}{spontanous}\mspace{14mu}{Eu}^{3 +}} \\{release}\end{matrix} = {\frac{{{SR}({Counts})} - {{BR}({Counts})}}{{MR}\left( {{Counts} - {{BR}({Counts})}} \right.} \times 100}$$\begin{matrix}{\%\mspace{11mu}{specific}\mspace{14mu}{Eu}^{3 +}} \\{release}\end{matrix} = {\frac{\left. {{{effector}/{target}}\mspace{14mu}{Counts}} \right) - {{SR}({Counts})}}{{{MR}({Counts})} - {{SR}({Counts})}} \times 100}$

Where the spontanous and background Eu3+ release (SR) and (BR)correspond to the release after incubation of the target cells (SR) orjust the cell culture supernatant of the target cells (BR) for 4 h at37° C. without addition of NK cells. The maximal release (MR) fromtarget cells is achieved by a 4 h incubation at 37° C. in presence of50% ethanol. The sponanous and maximal releases were 1530±865 counts and149861±16994 counts for NM-F9 cells and 10393±1856 counts and237325±40542 counts for K562 wild type (wt) cells when BR was alreadysubtracted. From that a % SR of 10.2%±4% for NM-F9 cells and 4.3%±0.3%for K562 wt cells was calculated, respectively, which is well under thelimit of 30% SR for a successful assay. The assay was done in triplicateand repeated five times. The results presented in FIG. 7 demonstrateclearly that the hyposialylated NM-F9 cells differ from hypersialylatedK562 wt cells in that they are much more sensitive to the cytolyticactivity of NK cells than the K562 wt cells. Thus, the differences ofNM-F9 and K562 wt cells that were observed for the phenotype asdescribed above result in changed biological activities. The highersensitivity of NM-F9 cells against NK cell cytotoxicity is in contrastto the literature where sialylated carbohydrates have been described tomediate the cytotoxic lysis by NK cells.

It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to theparticular methodology, protocols and/or reagents as described herein asthese may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology usedherein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, andis not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which willbe limited only by the appended claims.

TABLE 1 Scatchard analysis of the binding of the radiolabelled111In-PankoMab to K562 wt, NM-F9 and NM-D4 n K_(ass) bindings sites/cellK562wt 3 1.8 * 10⁸ I/Mol 1.5 * 10⁵ NM-F9 4 2.2 * 10⁸ I/Mol 0.9 * 10⁵NM-D4 12   9 * 10⁸ I/Mol   1 * 10⁵

TABLE 2 In the supernatant of NM-F9 and NM-D4 cells the amount ofsecretory TF-positive MUC1 was increased. TF-positive MUC1 was detectedby ELISA. Catching mAb HMFG-1 PankoMab Secondary mAb A-78-G/A7 Cell linePankoMab − sialidase + sialidase K562wt + − + NM-F9 + + + NM-D4 ++ ++ ++

TABLE 3 Vaccination of NMRI and NOD/SCID mice with K562-F9 cell lysats.mice with IgG immune response/total account of mice* mouse model AGPA TFTn MUC1 NMRI 2/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 NOD/SCID** 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 *Three mice pergroup were vaccinated with the NM-F9 cell lysates and bleededpreimmunization and at day 9 and 27 (NMRI) or at day 13 and 28(NOD/SCID) postimmunization for analysis of an IgG response against theindicated antigens. Mice with positive response showed at least athree-fold increase in antiserum titer compared with the preimmune serum(NMRI) or the 1st bleed. **PBMC was injected before immunization

1. A cell line which synthesizes and expresses on the cell surface mucin1 (MUC1) and glycophorin comprising an exposed Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF)antigen, wherein the cell line is capable of inducing a humoral immuneresponse against the exposed TF antigen.
 2. The cell line of claim 1which is selected from the group consisting of (a) a cell linedenominated NM-F9 having the DSMZ accession number DSM ACC2606; (b) acell line denominated NM-D4 having the DSMZ accession number DSMACC2605; and (c) subclones of (a) or (b) which synthesizes and expresseson the cell surface mucin 1 (MUC1) and glycophorin comprising an exposedTF antigen, wherein the cell line is capable of inducing a humoralimmune response against the exposed TF antigen.
 3. The cell line ofclaim 1, comprising a vector which comprises a nucleic acid molecule. 4.The cell line of claim 3, wherein said nucleic acid molecule encodes atleast one polypeptide of a polypeptide selected from the groupconsisting of a cytokine, MHC class I molecule, MHC class II moleculeand costimulatory molecule, T cell epitope or multimers thereof, tumourantigen, hormone, sexual hormone, adjuvant, antibody or other moleculesor fragments thereof having biological activity or any combinationthereof.
 5. A composition comprising a cell line which synthesizes andexpresses on the cell surface mucin 1 (MUC1) and glycophorin comprisingan exposed Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen, wherein the cell line iscapable of inducing a humoral immune response against the exposed TFantigen.
 6. The composition of claim 5, which is a pharmaceutical orvaccine composition.
 7. The cell line of claim 1, wherein theglycophorin is asialoglycophorin.
 8. The cell line of claim 1, whereinthe MUC1 is tumor-associated MUC1 (TA-MUC1).
 9. The cell line of claim1, wherein the cell line is obtainable from the K562 cell line.
 10. Thecell line of claim 1, wherein the cell line is obtainable by chemicalmutagenesis.
 11. The cell line of claim 10, wherein the chemical mutagenis ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS).
 12. The cell line of claim 1, whereinthe cell line is further capable of inducing a humoral immune responseagainst MUC1 and asialoglycophorin.
 13. The cell line of claim 1,wherein the cell line is capable of inducing the humoral immune responseagainst TF antigen in NMRI and/or NOD/SCID mice when administered at adose of 5×10⁶ cells/mouse.